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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Black Leg (Syn. blackquarter, charbon symtomatique) A fatal disease, mainly of sheep and cattle. Described by Saturnin Arloing (1846–1911) in 1881.The causative agent was identified by several workers and named Clostridium chauvoei.
Bacterial infection during wars, conflicts and post-natural disasters in Asia and the Middle East: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Tania Nawfal Dagher, Charbel Al-Bayssari, Seydina M. Diene, Eid Azar, Jean-Marc Rolain
In 2009, the coastal islands of the Sunderbans, the biggest delta islands in the world, which is located in the southern part of West Bengal, eastern India was hit by the main cyclone named Aila at a speed of 120–140 km per hour. The disturbance of the water distribution system and the inadequate hygiene situation that followed this cyclone was responsible for the cholera outbreak [118,124,125]. Also in 2012, the area of Pondicherry, Southern India, was affected by the severe cyclonic storm and it was the reason for the additional cholera outbreak. In addition, another study found that the ingestion of contaminated water by drainage after the cyclone was the main cause of the cholera outbreak [6]. In 2009, the moderate-strength Typhoon Morakot, with an extreme cumulative rainfall amount up to 3,059.5 mm, damaged Taiwan and lead to the dissemination of leptospirosis and melioidosis cases [126,127]. Furthermore, after the severe floods caused by the typhoon Morakot, the presence of Clostridium tetanus and Clostridium chauvoei in Pingtung country increased meaningfully from 13.73 and 7.84% to 53.85 and 50.00%, respectively. These results were obtained from an analysis performed in Taiwan on soil samples collected from different regions that are most frequently spoiled by the typhoon. This study also revealed that there are changes in the environmental distribution of Clostridium spp. after a water-related disaster and showed that screening for soil-bound zoonotic pathogens is a prospective strategy that can help control the spread of these diseases [128]. The dissemination of bacterial infections in countries affected by typhoons is shown in (Figure 3(b)).