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Conditions of the External Ear
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Ayeshah Abdul-Hamid, Samuel MacKeith
Localised disease can be managed with regular aural toileting of the sequestra and topical antibiotic treatments. For more extensive cases or those complicated by chronic infection, prolonged antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement with possible reconstruction using vascularised tissue may be required.
Hepatitis B
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Laura Felder, Zimeng Gao, Danielle Tholey
An estimated 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV [1]. Approximately, 90% of adults exposed to HBV spontaneously clear the virus while about 10% develop chronic HBV infection. Risk of developing chronic HBV is dependent on the presence or absence of a mature immune system and thus is age dependent. Specifically, chronic infection occurs in 90% of newborns who are infected before 1 year of age, 30–50% of children infected between 1 and 5 years of age and less than 5% of healthy adults [1, 2]. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 257 million individuals worldwide had chronic HBV infection (Figure 32.1) [3]. Most patients acquire the infection at birth or in the first 1–2 years of life. Those that develop chronic infection are at risk for significant morbidity and mortality. In 2018, over 800,000 cases of liver cancer were newly diagnosed worldwide and more than 50% of them were due to HBV infection [4, 5]. Over 800,000 people die each year globally from complications related to HBV infection, largely hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic failure [1].
Pregnancy, Delivery and Postpartum
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Zahra Ameen, Katy Kuhrt, Kopal Singhal Agarwal, Chawan Baran, Rebecca Best, Maria Garcia de Frutos, Miranda Geddes-Barton, Laura Bridle, Black Benjamin
Up to 300 million people worldwide have chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). it is the primary cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis and the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis; other causes include intravenous (IV) drug use and sexual transmission. There is a significant risk (80%) of chronic infection. Approximately 20% of those with chronic infection develop slowly progressive cirrhosis over a period of 10–30 years. Detection of HCV antibody implies persistent infection rather than immunity.
Cloning, characterization, and inhibition of the novel β-carbonic anhydrase from parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Susanna Haapanen, Andrea Angeli, Martti Tolvanen, Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Claudiu T. Supuran, Seppo Parkkila
Patients are afflicted with S. mansoni as the larvae living in freshwater penetrate through healthy skin and travel via the bloodstream to the recipient’s liver.8 The larvae grow up and reach mesenteric veins to lay eggs.9 Some of the larvae reside in the liver arteries10 and can live for decades, causing granulomatous infection to the wall of the intestines as the eggs invade the gut wall.2,5 Chronic granulomatous infection occurs in the liver, serving as an incubator for developing larvae and trapping some of the eggs,1 and can lead to irreversible hepatic cirrhosis, especially if the affected person has chronic viral hepatitis, relatively common in the endemic areas of S. mansoni.11 The chronic infection can be cured only via medical intervention as the host’s immune system is unable to overcome the parasite.10
Health care costs related to hepatitis B in Finland are mostly due to chronic infections: a register-based study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Tanja Nieminen, Heini Salo, Markku Nurhonen, Tuija Leino
To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study to evaluate the hepatitis B-related disease and economic burden in Finland. The study reveals that the overall disease and economic burden due to hepatitis B is minor and is mostly due to chronic infection. This affirms the significance of preventing chronic infection. Therefore, antenatal screening remains vital. In addition, groups at a higher risk of hepatitis B are eligible for vaccination. The targeted programme in Finland has been extended to include children with either parent from a country with HBsAg prevalence of at least 5%. The produced information on the incidence and costs related to hepatitis B is used to aid the national decision-making on the hepatitis B immunisation and for the economic evaluation of universal hepatitis B programme in Finland.
Evaluation of the relationship of lymphangiogenesis markers with disease pathogenesis in patients with Behçet’s uveitis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Taner Özgürtaş, Çiğdem Yücel, Erdim Sertoğlu, Yıldız Hayran, Seda Çolak, Emre Tekgöz, Ahmet Omma, Ali Hakan Durukan
55 patients with Behçet’s uveitis according to the International Study Group criteria [30] and 30 age and sex-matched healty controls were included. Patients and controls were excluded if they had one of the following combined diseases/situations: 1) concomitant autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease; 2) acute or chronic infection; 3) malignancy; 4) systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure; 5) pregnancy or postpartum 6 months. Demographic features and clinical characteristics were recorded. Disease activity was assessed with Turkish version of BD Current Activity Form (BDCAF) [31]. The items of this activity include headache, oral ulcers, genital ulcers, erythema, skin pustules, arthralgia, arthritis, intestinal involvement, new eye involvement, new nervous system involvement, vascular involvement (venous thrombosis and/or arterial aneursyms). The BDCAF score was calculated by adding up the scores on each item and ranged from 0 to 12. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. The research protocol complies with the 2000 Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.