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Burkholderia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Danielle L. Peters, Jaclyn G. McCutcheon, Karlene H. Lynch, Jonathan J. Dennis
Despite their potential for wide distribution in food products, the presence of Bcc bacteria in foods has only been detected in unpasteurized milk.29–33 It is unknown how milk becomes contaminated, but it has been suggested that it is due to transfer of Bcc organisms from the soil to the cow udder and then to milk storage tanks.34 Berriatua et al.2 showed that Bcc species Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia vietnamiensis were responsible for causing subclinical mastitis in milking sheep. However, when Moore et al.34 examined milk samples taken from cows with mastitis, they were unable to isolate Bcc bacteria. Despite Bcc contamination of unpasteurized milk, these bacteria are not found in commercially available dairy products and are effectively killed by pasteurization.29,34
Biofilm Persisters
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Peng Li, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Lijian Jin
An alternative strategy to target persisters is to kill the biofilm persisters by inducing oxidative damage, as the survival of certain persister cells is linked to an antioxidative response. It was demonstrated that Burkholderia cenocepacia biofilm persisters avoided production of ROS via inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while activating the alternative pathway glyoxylate shunt. Interestingly, the fraction of the biofilm persisters was reduced by itaconate, which inhibits the key enzyme of the glyoxylate shunt, isocitrate lyase [41]. Treatment of C. albicans biofilms with the SOD inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) led to higher levels of endogenous ROS and an 18- to 200-fold reduction of the miconazole-tolerant persister fraction [48].
Indications for lung transplantation and patient selection
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, John A. Odell, LUNG Transplantation, 2016
Joshua S. Mason, Julia B. Becker, Edward R. Garrity
Aris and colleagues performed a retrospective review of 121 patients who received transplants for CF at the University of North Carolina and found a significant decrease in survival for those infected with B. cepacia before transplantation (n = 21) in the first 6 and 12 months, with 5 of the 21 dying of B. cepacia sepsis. In 1993 to 1998 no transplants were performed in patients infected with B. cepacia. All five patients who died of infection had Burkholderia cenocepacia, also referred to as genomovar III.259 Recent analysis has agreed that the increased risk seems peculiar to B. cenocepacia, which in one series of 75 transplant patients at Duke was associated with substantially reduced survival when compared with that in both those not infected with Burkholderia and those infected with other B. cepacia strains. Uninfected patients had a 5-year survival rate of 63%, patients infected with other B. cepacia strains had a 5-year survival rate of 56%, and those infected with B. cenocepacia had a 5-year survival rate of 29%.260 One additional study looking at 216 patients who received transplants for CF beginning in 1989 found that of the 22 patients with preoperative B. cepacia infection, the 12 patients with B. cenocepacia had decreased survival, with 9 experiencing early mortality from B. cenocepacia sepsis. The remaining 10 patients, who were infected with a Burkholderia species other than cenocepacia, had the same survival as the remainder of the cohort.261
Bacterial biofilm-derived antigens: a new strategy for vaccine development against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Abraham Loera-Muro, Alma Guerrero-Barrera, Yannick Tremblay D.N., Skander Hathroubi, Carlos Angulo
In cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa is typically the dominant pathogen colonizing older patients and forms biofilms during infection [30]. However, different bacteria that colonize the lungs of CF patients are co-isolated with P. aeruginosa. For example, Inquilinus limosus and Dolosigranulum pigrum are two bacteria that are increasingly isolated from CF patients. These bacteria can form a biofilm with P. aeruginosa and, in dual-species biofilms, the bacterial interactions increase the tolerance of the consortia to most antibiotics without a change in the number of biofilm-encased cells [30]. P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are two species frequently co-isolated in severe CF infections. In a mouse model, P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia coinfection increased biofilm formation and inflammation suggesting that interactions between these two opportunistic pathogens were responsible for the inflammatory effects [23].
A case report of successful eradication of new isolates of Burkholderia cenocepacia in a child with cystic fibrosis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
V. Sputael, G. Van Schandevyl, L. Hanssens
Recurrent and chronic respiratory infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). One of the most difficult pathogens in CF is Burkholderia cenocepacia (Bc), a member of a group including at least 18 closely related bacterial species called Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Persistent Bc infection is frequently associated with accelerated decline in lung function and increased mortality [1]. In addition, the presence of Bc remains a relative contraindication to lung transplantation [2,3]. It is therefore important to attempt to eradicate new isolates, especially in children. Bc is particularly hard to treat because of its intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. There are no standardized guidelines to eradicate Bc. A Cochrane Systematic Review failed to identify a single randomized study investigating Bc eradication [4]. The published evidence is limited to a few small case series describing combined use of intravenous (IV) and nebulized antibiotics or the use of nebulized antibiotics alone. None report a combination of IV and nebulized antibiotics with sinus surgery. However, most of children with cystic fibrosis have chronic rhinosinusitis and their sinuses are colonized by bacteria that can initiate and maintain deleterious pulmonary infections [5]. These sites are hard to reach with antibiotics. We report a case of successful eradication of new isolates of Bc in a child with CF using a combination of IV and nebulized antibiotics plus sinus surgery.
Gram negative infections in cystic fibrosis: a review of preventative and treatment options
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Charlotte Addy, Steven Caskey, Damian Downey
The landscape of CF lung infection is evolving [8,10,12,13]. Pa and Burkholderia cenocepacia (part of the Bcc) remain significant pathogens, associated with lung function decline, increased pulmonary exacerbation (PEx) frequency and mortality rates [11,14]. Evidence suggests that some individuals with chronic Pa may be more stable than previously thought, and able to maintain higher levels of lung function, measured by percent predicted Forced Expiratory volume in 1 second (ppFEV1) [10]. The Bcc comprises 21 genomovars, Bcc strains which are phenotypically indistinguishable, but phylogenetically different, acquired from various environmental sources [15]. Genomovars vary in clinical consequence, virulence, and pathogenicity [15]. Burkholderia cenocepacia and B.multivorans account for the majority of Bcc infections in CF, with chronic growth associated with both stability and clinical decline, dependent on the individual [12,15]. With 19 other genomovars now described, and a paucity of evidence on their individual impact, the clinical consequences of Bcc infection are much less predictable [12,15].