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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of Brucella species. Human brucellosis is a multisystem disease that can manifest acutely, sub acutely or in chronic course.52 Ocular involvement is not very common. The ocular manifestations of brucellosis described in the literature are keratitis, uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, endophthalmitis and optic neuropathy.53,54 Optic nerve damage, in brucellosis, manifests with optic neuritis or papilledema. Optic nerve involvement is usually part of meningoencephalitis. The diagnosis of brucellosis requires a clinical suspicion along with microbiological confirmation. Brucellosis is treated with doxycycline and rifampicin.52 The visual prognosis of treated cases is generally good.
Brucellosis
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
After exposure, Brucella spp. are ingested by macrophages. About 15%–30% survive phagocytosis and are transported to the reticuloendothelial system, where they replicate. Mucous membranes are reservoir sites for Brucella spp. and could act as a reservoir for chronic infection.
Chemical and Biological Threats to Public Safety
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Because Brucella species are slow growing on initial laboratory isolation, diagnosis depends on serological identification in blood or bone marrow isolates. Treatment with doxycycline and rifampin in combination, for 6 weeks, prevents recurring infections. The timing of treatment and severity of the illness dictate the length of recovery, from several weeks to several months. Although the mortality rate is low (<2%) and is usually associated with the development of cardiovascular complications (endocarditis), the lack of an effective human vaccine is of concern as a bioterrorist threat. Adherence to recommended public hygiene guidelines is the most effective preventive measure against brucellosis.
A systematic analysis of and recommendations for public health events involving brucellosis from 2006 to 2019 in China
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zhiguo Liu, Miao Wang, Yaxin Tian, Zhongqiu Li, Liping Gao, Zhenjun Li
Laboratory-associated Brucella spp. infections may account for up to 2% of all laboratory-associated infections [11]. From 2000 to 2014, 28 cases of brucellosis (median: 2/year) were reported, including 6 Brucella exposure risk events (Brucella events) in clinical laboratories, resulting in more than 80 occupational exposures to Brucella species (spp.) in New York City [12]. Moreover, many studies on laboratory exposure to Brucella strains have been reported in the United Kingdom [13] and Denmark [14]. Several brucellosis cases are reported annually in China, but ongoing surveillance of brucellosis infection cases that have occurred in staff from hospitals, universities, and factories is lacking. The epidemiological profile of brucellosis resulting from laboratory transmission of brucellosis in China remains unknown. Moreover, two clusters of brucellosis infection in domestic events have been reported but did not capture the attention of the international scientific community. Hence, in this study, we summarised cases of laboratory-acquired Brucella infection in hospitals and universities and cluster vaccine strain infections in China to identify effective countermeasures for preventing laboratory-acquired infections and to promote the design of public health safety measures.
Brucellosis in older person: a case report from Qatar
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad, Navas Nadukkandiyil, Mohammed Al Husami, Hebatullah Ahmed Abdelgawad, Sanjeevikumar Meenakshisundaram, Osman Bashir Nemeri
Human brucellosis is quite uncommon in the elderly in Qatar. This report describes a case of brucellosis in Acute Geriatric Care at Ruamailah Hospital in Qatar. Brucellosis is a multisystem disease with a broad spectrum of non-specific symptoms that generally occur within three weeks but sometimes up to 3 months after inoculation [1]. Brucellosis is considered as the most common zoonosis worldwide and manifests in a wide range of cases from asymptomatic ones to those with serious diseases [2]. In case of organ involvement, the disease is said to have local involvement or complication. In humans, it developed as a result of consuming unpasteurized, contaminated dairy products; example a goat’s or camel milk, soft cheese or butter that had been infected with Brucella species such as Brucella melitensis isolated from ruminant (B. melitensis). This Gram-negative, aerobic non-spore forming coccobacillus is a free-living, soil-dwelling organism that usually infects goats, camel and sheep. In infected hosts, the bacterium appears as intracellular localization. Although the disease can occur in all age groups, young individuals are most affected. Its incidence in children and the elderly is relatively low. Old age (≥65 years) primarily characterized by reduced biological reserves [3]. Prevention of brucellosis is dependent mainly upon increasing public awareness, recently noted that reporting brucellosis among elderly gradually increasing. Therefore, it is important to educate elderly population about the pattern of thisdisease and extra cautious for raw milk consumption and animal contact.
Brucellosis control methods with an emphasis on vaccination: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Atieh Darbandi, Maryam Koupaei, Tahereh Navidifar, Soheila Shahroodian, Mohsen Heidary, Malihe Talebi
Successful control of Brucella over various factors such as prevalence, type of livestock, surveillance identification, vaccine availability, vaccine quality, available resources such as money and personnel, legal authority and intersectoral cooperation [51]. Preventing, controlling, and eradicating brucellosis requires a lot of financial support, perseverance, and time. Various methods are used to prevent and control brucellosis, such as removing sick animals by slaughtering, separating sick animals from the herd, and vaccination. To date, many efforts have been made to develop vaccines against various species of Brucella. Most studies have shown satisfactory results for animal models, but there is no clear prospect for human experiments, and this requires extensive studies in this area.