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The Coronary Arteries: Atherosclerosis and Ischaemic Heart Disease
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Atherosclerosis is a biphasic disease. Virtually all individuals in the countries of the developed world will have some plaques, but only a minority will, at some point in their life, enter the second phase of atherosclerosis and develop clinical symptoms.
The cardiovascular system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Mary N Sheppard, C. Simon Herrington
Atherosclerosis is a biphasic disease. Virtually all individuals in the developed world will have fatty streaks and raised plaques, but only a minority will at some point in their life enter the second phase and develop clinical symptoms.
Double trouble: orbital rhabdomyoma with trichinellosis
Published in Orbit, 2023
Bipasha Mukherjee, Chhakchhuak Lalduhkimi, Veena Noronha, Subramanian Krishnakumar
Trichinellosis or Trichinosis exhibits a global distribution and is usually caused by the ingestion of Trichinella larvae in raw and undercooked meat of domestic and wild animals (usually pork). Trichinella spiralis species is the most important etiological agent to cause disease in humans.16 It is a biphasic disease characterized by a gastrointestinal (enteric) phase that occurs within a few days of ingesting the parasite and manifests with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. After the first week, larvae released from the cysts become adult worms and mate. The female parasites then release newborn larvae that disseminate, leading to the systemic (parenteral) phase. This phase manifests with fever, eosinophilic myositis, myalgia, and peri-orbital edema. Rarely, it may also cause myocarditis or encephalitis.17 Ocular manifestations of trichinellosis are swelling of lids and conjunctiva, subconjunctival hemorrhage, pain in the movement of eyeballs, diplopia, proptosis, retinal edema, and hemorrhage.18,19 The extraocular striated muscles of the eye are susceptible to Trichinella invasion.17 Trichinella within an orbital mass has never been reported till date. Diagnosis of trichinellosis is based on epidemiology, clinical evaluation, laboratory test (eosinophilia, hyperleukocytosis), immunodiagnostic and molecular studies including polymerase chain reaction in body fluids.16 In recent years, the diagnosis is confirmed with deltoid muscle biopsy, which shows larvae in the muscle.18–20