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Antimicrobial Preservative Efficacy and Microbial Content Testing*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Scott V.W. Sutton, Philip A. Geis
Microorganisms indigenous to the normal eye, clinically significant isolates, and product isolates are recommended by CTFA for challenging eye cosmetics. These include the organisms detailed in Table 6.1. Gram-positive spore formers are represented by Bacillus subtilis. Eye cosmetics and inadequately preserved systems may allow Gram-positive spore formers to survive, germinate, and actively proliferate. Using spore formers such as B. subtilis for a challenge inoculum should be done carefully in order to evaluate susceptibility of the vegetative forms (versus spores) to the preservative. If the inoculum preparation procedure promotes sporulation, then the challenge may be too rigorous for a product to pass until it is over-preserved and toxicologically unsafe for use.
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Salinas et al. (2005) indicated that the combination of two bacteria (L. delbrueckii lactis and Bacillus subtilis activated or inactivated) may be more effective and more consistent than a single probiotic. In Nile tilapia, when administering a diet containing Bacillus subtilis and L. acidophilus, a significant increase in immune responses and resistance to certain diseases was observed (Aly et al. 2008). In gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), the administration of two inactivated bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae had a positive synergistic effect. In addition, a combination of four bacteria was reported in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Irianto and Austin 2002). Therefore, mixed cultures may contain bacteria that complement each other and that can modulate differently the immune response of the host (Dimitroglou et al. 2011).
Phosphonic Acids And Phosphonates As Antimetabolites
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
The material (21) has also been noted to be active in the inhibition of growth of strains of Bacillus subtilis.126,127 Here it is noted, in similarity to E. coli, that phosphatidylglycerol synthesis is inhibited, but also that (21) is incorporated into the cell wall. With strain 168, containing polyglycerolphosphate cell wall teichoic acid, (21) is bacteriostatic; with strain W23, containing polyribitol cell wall teichoic acid, (21) is bactericidal.
Hemolysin BL from novel Bacillus toyonensis BV-17 induces antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Jiajia Chen, Shoukui Hu, Dengbo Ji, Zhaoya Gao, Hanyang Wang, Yong Yang, Yongkang Chen, Jin Gu
In this study, we found that the genus Bacillus is common in healthy donors but absent in CRC patients. According to previous studies, various strains of genus Bacillus, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus toyonensis, are widely used as probiotics in animal feed and have also been used in the treatment of diarrhea, intestinal dysfunction, and enteritis in humans.20–22 In addition to the HBL secreted by B. toyonensis BV-17 being able to rapidly kill cells in vitro, the mice treated by oral gavage with 1 × 108 cfu live bacteria or even a 25-fold concentration of the bacterial supernatants did not show any discomfort. We suspect that an intact intestinal mucosal barrier may help to protect against the toxicity of HBL. When developing colorectal cancer, tumor tissues are often accompanied by bleeding and destruction of the mucosal barrier. In this case, the HBL produced by B. toyonensis BV-17 may kill tumor cells and incite an immune response that slows the progress of the tumors. However, further research is required to test this hypothesis in vivo.
Bacillus subtilis-associated abdominal catastrophe in a Japanese patient with peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2020
Sae Aratani, Yuta Nakagawa, Yuichiro Sumi, Yukinao Sakai
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is one of the modalities for renal replacement therapy of end-stage kidney disease patients. PD-related peritonitis remains the most serious complication in patients undergoing PD. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium and ubiquitously found in the environment. It has been regarded as non-pathogenic for humans. This report illustrates abdominal catastrophe in PD-related peritonitis, in which B. subtilis was confirmed as a very rare causative microorganism. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. subtilis-associated PD-related peritonitis. Importantly, we emphasize that it is essential for nephrologists to be more aware of abdominal catastrophe in PD-related peritonitis, and to cooperate with surgeons to improve the clinical care and outcomes for PD patients. We feel our manuscript will be of special interest to the readers of Cogent Medicine.
Microbiota modulation-based therapy for luminal GI disorders: current applications of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Abbinaya Elangovan, Jessica R. Allegretti, Monika Fischer
Even though probiotics are commercially marketed, commonly consumed products, systemic infections related to bacterial sepsis have been described. Rare incidents of S. boulardii fungemia, Bacillus subtilis bacteremia, L rhamnosus endocarditis, liver abscess, pneumonia have been reported with strain homology demonstrable between the probiotic and pathogenic bacteria, hence cautious approach is recommended in the presence of debilitating risk factors like immunocompromised state [151]. Some concerns were raised at molecular level such as horizontal gene transfer leading to influx of antibiotic-resistant genes, particularly from gram-positive cocci to gram-negative microbes, transmission of virulent genes from probiotic bacteriophages to the host and intestinal bacterial overgrowth leading to D-lactic acidosis [152]. These will need further exploration although most data support that probiotics only transiently colonize the intestine [151].