China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Analysis of Small RNA Species: Phylogenetic Trends
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Mirko Beljanski, Liliane Le Goff
In the 5S DNA, the sequence coding for 5S rRNA alternates with a “spacer” region about 6 times as long.56 It has been shown that in a cloned oocyte 5S DNA fragment from X.borealis, three 5S rRNA genes are separated by about 80 nucleotides.57 RNA polymerase III binds to a “control region” that differs from promoter regions in prokaryotes. The enzyme correctly transcribes in vitro 5S rRNAs from cloned 5S DNA fragments. Although Xenopus and mammalian 5S rRNAs represent each a single homogeneous RNA of 120 nucleotides, they differ by 8 nucleotides.54 The 5S rRNA sequences of all mammals that have been analyzed, including man, mouse, and kangaroo, are practically identical.58 The 5S rRNA sequence in the chicken differs from the mammalian sequence by three base substitutions, two nucleotide additions, and two deletions. The sequence of 5S rRNA from Bacillus megaterium is related to that of B. stearothermophilus but differs by 23 base replacements and is 3 nucleotides shorter.59
Bacillus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Jessica Minnaard, Ivanna S. Rolny, Pablo F. Pérez
Extracellular factors of Bacillus megaterium, a microorganism commonly found in honey and seldom associated with severe pathologies, are cytotoxic to Caco-2 and Hep-2 cells in a strain-dependent manner.63,146 However, a study performed by Alippi and coworkers146 demonstrated that most strains are not cytotoxic, since from a total of 53 strains studied, only 7 strains detached Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, some strains of B. megaterium have the ability to adhere to and invade both Caco-2 and Hep-2 cells.63,146
Foeniculum Vulgare Mill: Flavoring, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, and Folklore Aspects
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Navneet Kishore, Akhilesh Kumar Verma
A hydroalcoholic abstract from the fruits of fennel can be consumed by food industries without elimination of solvent. However, the hydroethanolic extraction of fruits of fennel contains a higher degree of flavonoid and phenols metabolites which is responsible for the excellent anti-oxidant potential. Despite the amazing culinary and significant nutritional power, fennel has also several pharmacological properties. A study about the anti-bacterial action of fennel has been evaluated from the different extract in water and in organic solvents. The results displayed the good zone of inhibition (11–25 mm) against the bacterial species Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Kaur and Arora, 2009). The highest total phenolic contents (TPC) were observed from the methanol extract of fennel seeds (22.93 mg GAE/g) which showed significant total antioxidant potential with the value of 1.63 ± 0.19 µg/mL in the evaluation of phosphor-molybdenium method. The water extract also displayed excellent radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 207.94 ± 83.38 μg/mL in DPPH assay. The antimicrobial potential of aqueous methanol extract against Bacillus megaterium showed the zone of inhibition at a range of 12.29 ± 1.34 mm (Beyazen et al., 2017). The anti-microbial potential of chloroform-methanol (1:1) extract from the aerial parts of fennel was evaluated against six bacterial strains namely Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus blanc (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus epidemidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and three fungal strains namely Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium camemberti). The results showed the significant zone of inhibition with a range of 6.0 to 11.66 mm for all the microbial strains at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL (Zellagui et al., 2011).
Biological mediated Ag nanoparticles from Barleria longiflora for antimicrobial activity and photocatalytic degradation using methylene blue
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Vetrivel Cittrarasu, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Durairaj Kaliannan, Sungkwon Park, Viji Maluventhan, Tanushri Kaul, Wen Chao Liu, Maruthupandian Arumugam
Ag-NPs have good inhibition against the human pathogenic bacteria and the obtained results shown in Figure 3(a–f). Zone of inhibitions in different concentration of Ag-NPs are tabulated in Table 1. The results illustrate that synthesized Ag-NPs can be an efficient antibacterial agent against human pathogens and it was enhanced with the increasing dose concentrations of Ag-NPs. The Ag-NPs show a very negligible zone of inhibition, and for bacterial strains, indicates low appreciable activity against Bacillus megaterium, Staphylocouus aureus, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this connection, the mechanism of antibacterial activities was realized by the nanoparticles which may affect the bacterial strains cell wall, cell membrane generation through hydrophobic, and the bioaccumulation mechanism [33–37].
Development of stable emulsified formulations of Terminalia arjuna for topical application: evaluation of antioxidant activity of final product and molecular docking study
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Dinanath Gaikwad, Namdeo Jadhav
Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase normally used to screen molecules for tyrosinase activity in a laboratory as well as in silico studies because of the close similarity between Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase with human tyrosinase [31]. Reported crystal structures for human tyrosinase are tyrosinase related protein with a lower resolution in comparison with Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase. Hence, Bacillus megaterium crystal structure of tyrosinase, protein data bank (PDB) 5I38, was retrieved from RCSB protein data bank (http://www.rcsb.org) and selected as a docking template. The file was saved as .pdb. To facilitate the docking studies with molecules in question, the ligand kojic acid bound to an active site was removed from the crystal structure. Water molecules were removed and polar hydrogen atoms were added to the 3D structures for protein refinement using vLife MDS 4.4 software (VLife Sciences, Pune, India). The macromolecule file was written as a .mol2 file format for further analysis.
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
T. M. Cantero, P. I. Silva Junior, G. Negri, R. M. Nascimento, R. Z. Mendonça
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration of compounds at which the microorganism tested did not demonstrate visible growth (Riciluca et al. 2012). The 40MEP showed antibacterial effect against gram positive and gram negative bacterial pathogens with MIC ranging from 62.5μg/mL to 200μg/mL (Table 2). The highest antibacterial activity was observed against Bacillus megaterium ATCC10778. On the other hand, 40AEP showed antibacterial effect against gram positive bacterial pathogens with MIC of 200μg/mL and showed inactivity against gram negative bacteria, as can be seen in Table 2. MEP and AEP were inactive against fungi Candida genus, which cause the most common fungal infections worldwide.