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Effects of Human Hemoglobin on Bacterial Endotoxin In Vitro and In Vivo
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Independent evidence that Hb is an LPS-binding protein has been provided by recent investigations that demonstrated binding of porcine Hb to the LPS of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as well as binding to the surface of intact bacteria of this species (22). In addition, the LPS was shown to bind to both the α and β chains of porcine Hb (22), confirming our observa tions that LPS binds to both the α and β chains of human Hb (21).
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove
A second beta-lactamase enzyme, designated ROB-1, has been found in a small number of H. influenzae strains. AMP–AMOX resistance in H. influenzae is also mediated by this enzyme (Rubin et al., 1981; Daum et al., 1988). The ROB beta-lactamase differs from the TEM-1 enzyme in its isoelectric point. Also, the ROB and TEM-1 beta-lactamase genes are not related, although both are class A serine beta-lactamases susceptible to clavulanic acid. An animal pathogen, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, is often AMP–AMOX resistant because it produces ROB beta-lactamase. It has thus been postulated that the animal reservoir of this resistance gene may play a role in the spread of this resistance to human pathogens (Medeiros et al., 1986; Juteau et al., 1991).
Monitoring Colistin Resistance in Food Animals, An Urgent Threat
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
The mcr-1 gene might have originated in animals. Several facts support this suppose. First, veterinary has high selective pressure and this gene distributes widely in animals [5,24]. Second, the mcr-1gene was associated with ISApl1, which was first identified in the pig pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [26]. What’s more, mcr-1-positive strains usually carry floR gene conferring resistance to florfenicol, the drug only be used in veterinary medicine [24]. Given the concern regarding the potential for mcr-1-positive isolates spreading from animals to humans, and the increasing importance of colistin in human medicine, the use of colistin in food animals is being reevaluated. In June 2016, the European Medicines Agency updated advice on the use of colistin in European veterinary practices and recommended that colistin should be included in category 2 of Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group, which means that colistin should be reserved for infections for which there are no effective alternative drugs [10]. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture of China banned the use of colistin as a growth promoter in animals in July 2016 [27]. Furthermore, colistin is currently listed on the World Health Organization’s critically important antimicrobials for human medicine in the fifth revision, taking into account that colistin-resistant bacteria and the mcr family of genes can be transmitted via the food chain [28]. After assessing the risk of colistin, the Food Safety Commission of Japan decided to revoke the designation of colistin sulfate as a feed additive, which will formally be in effect in May 2018 [29].