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Perivascular Innervation In Special Sensory Organs With Particular Reference To The Presence of Neuropeptides
Published in Geoffrey Burnstock, Susan G. Griffith, Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels, 2019
Rolf Uddman, Rolf Håkanson, Frank Sundler
The vomeronasal organ is encircled by cartilage and located at the base of the nasal septum. Via the nasopalatine ducts, the vomeronasal organ receives odorous information from the oral cavity. The organ is present in most mammals but is vestigial in man and higher primates. It seems to play an important role in the perception of odors that influence the regulation of sexual behavior and the absence of a vomeronasal system in primates is attributed to a reduced importance of olfaction. The organ is rich in seromucous glands and blood vessels. The glandular secretion gives rise to a mucous layer that protects the sensory epithelium, which is similar to that of the olfactory system. The lateral aspect of the vomeronasal organ harbors erectile tissue. This tissue receives a dense innervation; sympathetic stimulation constricts the blood vessels and opens the nasopalatine duct. It has therefore been suggested that the sympathetic innervation regulates a vasomotor pumping mechanism.53-54 Histochemical studies have shown that arteries as well as veins to the vomeronasal organ contain both adrenergic and AChE-positive fibers.55 In addition, the vomeronasal organ has a very rich supply of peptide-containing nerve fibers. We have recently found perivascular nerve fibers containing NPY-, VIP/PHI- (Figure 6), SP-, and CGRP-immu-noreactivity in this organ.
Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
The principal physiological function of the nose is to humidify and warm inspired air, as well as to remove noxious particles from the air, thus protecting the delicate distal lower respiratory tract. The nose also serves as a sense organ, housing the olfactory apparatus that allows individuals to smell substances for pleasure and defence purposes. These functions are highly dependent on the anatomical structure of the nose. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is the peripheral sensory organ of the accessory olfactory system and is located either at the base of the nasal septum in humans or in the roof of the mouth in most amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The VNO role is to detect pheromones and other chemical signals that initiate innate behavioural response between individuals of the same species. These chemical communications facilitate social interactions such as sexual relationships.
The Ultrastructure of Olfactory and Nasal Respiratory Epithelium Surfaces
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
The nonsensory portion of the mammalian vomeronasal organ is rather similar in appearance to the ciliated/microvillous respiratory epithelium.30,76,77 The vomeronasal organ is a small tubular structure lying within the nasal septum next to the anteroventral part of the cavum nasi. It has a narrow duct, which enters the nasal cavity directly or via the nasopalatine duct, the latter running between the nasal and the oral cavities. In microsmatic mammals, e.g., man, the vomeronasal organ is rudimentary or absent.31,75 In cetaceans (e.g., whales and dolphins) main and vomeronasal olfactory organs are reduced or absent. This is ascribed to the migration of the nares from anterior to dorsal regions during cetacean evolution.1,78 The ultrastructure of the mammalian vomeronasal organ has been studied for several species.46,79-82 Cell apices of the sensory cells contain centrioles, but cilia are not developed. The cells have microvilli only.83
The pheromone affects reproductive physiology and behavior by regulating hormone in juvenile mice
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Bing Hu, Zhongxiang Mo, Jianlin Jiang, Jinning Liang, Minlin Wei, Xiujuan Zhu, Yuan Liang, Yunhao Liu, Qiaojuan Huang, Yiqiang Ouyang, Junming Sun
In the present study, we shed light whether multiparous pheromones could induce CPP. The stimulation of male urine induced juvenile females premature sexual maturation, which was known as puberty acceleration (Vandenbergh 1973). A very low pheromone level could stimulate the vomeronasal organ potential response and can change the physiological phenomenon of the recipient (Haga et al. 2010; Lomas and Keverne 1982). The results of our study reported that pheromone in urine of multiparous females induced the first vaginal opening and the first estrus earlier in the juvenile females. The pheromone in multiparous females’ urine can promote central premature puberty in juvenile females, which could be due to estrous cycle synchronization. Moreover, these pheromones in the urine of multiparous females could also able to induce the CPP by increasing hormone levels, which had an obvious effect on female sexual behavior and reproductive organs in the first estrus. However, further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism of pheromonal response in the nervous system.
Effects of the odorant Hedione on the human stress response
Published in Stress, 2021
Speaking of chemosensory communication, the synthetic odorant Hedione requires closer examination. It was discussed as a potential modulator of hormonal release via binding to the VN1R1 receptor (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015). This receptor is structurally homologous to a pheromone receptor expressed in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of most mammals. Despite the lack of a functional VNO, the human olfactory system comprises five vomeronasal-type 1 receptors on the nasal mucosa (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015). Their exact function is still subject to investigation. In an fMRI study, Hedione elicited stronger limbic (amygdala, hippocampus) and hypothalamic activation (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015) than a common odor (phenylethyl alcohol). Further, two studies indicate that Hedione enhances reciprocity (Berger et al., 2017), and reduces subjective vicarious stress (Pützer et al., 2019).
SHBG expression is correlated with PI3K/AKT pathway activity in a cellular model of human insulin resistance
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
Chong Feng, Zhen Jin, Xinshu Chi, Bao Zhang, Xiaoyan Wang, Lei Sun, Jiehui Fan, Qian Sun, Xuan Zhang
Previous studies have shown that SHBG is secreted by hepatocytes and testicular germ cells. Endometrial glandular epithelial cells [29], uterine smooth muscle, fallopian tubes [28] and the hypothalamus also express SHBG. SHBG expression in the murine vomeronasal organ is associated with the uptake of external biotins such as aerosolic steroids by sensory cells [24]. In mouse proximal tubule cells, the accumulation of SHBG enhances the uptake of androgen and promotes the binding of androgen to its receptor [25]. SHBG expression in human uterine fibroids is presumed to be involved in the metabolism of ovarian steroids and promote fibroid development [26] SHBG expression in the hypothalamus is thought to be closely related to pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding [27]. Larrea et al. [30] found that during pregnancy, the placenta can self-secret SHBG using in vitro cultured placental explants. Our in vitro studies also showed that the HTR8/SVneo cell line, a human placental trophoblast cell line, expressed SHBG. We speculate that the placenta participates in hormone regulation and signal transduction by autocrine or paracrine means, acting not only as the target organ of SHBG but also the SHBG secretory organ . Our results were in accordance with the study by Larrea et al.