China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Tensor veli palatini originates from the scaphoid fossa of the pterygoid process and from the medial surface of the sphenoidal spine (Standring 2016). It also has an origin from the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube or auditory tube) (Standring 2016). Its fibers end in a tendon that courses around the pterygoid hamulus to insert into the palatine aponeurosis (Standring 2016). Some researchers may use the name dilator tubae to refer to the portion of tensor veli palatini that originates from the pterygoid hamulus and has attachments to the pharyngotympanic cartilage, connective tissue lateral to the tubal wall, and Ostmann’s fat pad (Standring 2016).
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The internal aspect of the pharynx is shown in Plates 3.36 and 3.37. The nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity, and specifically to the choana, which is the transition region from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx. The choanae of the two sides are separated by the posterior end of the nasal septum (Plate 3.38). The nasopharynx includes the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube or Eustachian tube, connecting the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity, also called the middle ear cavity), the torus tubarius (cartilage of the auditory tube that is covered by mucosa), the salpingopalatine fold (mucous membrane containing the levator veli palatini muscle), the salpingopharyngeal fold (mucous membrane containing the salpingopharyngeal muscle), the pharyngeal recess, and the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), that is located in the mucous membrane of this recess.
Special Senses
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kenneth A. Schafer, Oliver C. Turner, Richard A. Altschuler
The middle ear contains an air-filled space within the temporal bone (tympanic cavity) delineated laterally by the tympanic membrane at the end of the external auditory meatus and medially by the inner ear. The Eustachian (auditory) tube extends anteriorly from the tympanic cavity to connect with the nasal pharynx, and the mucous membranes lining these structures are similar. The auditory tube allows for equilibration of sound pressure to the air-filled middle ear space, provides drainage of fluids, but may also be a route of infection for the middle ear. The inner aspect of the tympanic membrane is covered by a mucous membrane of the middle ear, and the outer aspect is covered by mucosa of the external auditory meatus.
Intraorbital and intracranial extension of adenoid cystic carcinoma without clinical or radiological lacrimal gland involvement
Published in Orbit, 2022
Carmelo Macri, Valerie Juniat, Garry Davis, Dinesh Selva
The tubarial salivary glands have been described as a possible new glandular structure in the nasopharynx.14 On retrospective examination of 100 positron emission tomography/computed tomography with prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand (PSMA PET/CT) scans, Valstar et al showed clearly demarcated, bilateral PSMA-positive areas extending from the skull base along the pharyngeal wall overlaying the torus tubarius,14 the anatomical structure formed by the cartilage that supports the entrance of the auditory tube. Further cadaveric dissection and tissue evaluation of the area in two cadavers microscopically showed salivary gland tissue with macroscopically visible draining duct openings towards the nasopharyngeal wall.14 AdCC originating from the area adjacent to the auditory tube has been previously described extending into the orbit, and extending into the middle fossa, involving the temporal lobe.15 The presence of significant salivary gland tissue in this area in combination with the tendency of AdCC to occur more frequently in salivary gland tissue, and the rarity of ectopic lacrimal gland tissue, may provide a further possible explanation for the presence of AdCC in the orbit in our case.
Sudden-onset haemolacria in an adolescent girl
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Ayla Akca Caglar, Halise Akca, Funda Kurt, Leman Akcan Yildiz, Pinar Nalcacioglu, Onur Buyukkoc, Emine Dibek Misirlioglu
Haemolacria, however, is rare and does not occur in most patients with epistaxis, even those with severe arterial haemorrhage treated with nasal tamponade. This raises the possibility of a rare anatomical anomaly that might increase the risk of haemolacria. An anatomic connection can exist between the inferior nasal turbinates and the lacrimal system with an incompetent valve of Hasner (Figure 2) [21]. Incompetency of the valve of Hasner is usually congenital, but may also arise from iatrogenic damage by primary mechanical or accidental trauma to the orifice of the nasolacrimal duct or nasal infection [22]. Congenital absence or incompetence of the valve of Hasner predisposes to the development of haemolacria in the setting of epistaxis and is treated with nasal tamponade. In addition to the anatomical connection between the nose and eye through the lacrimal duct, there is a connection between the nose and the auditory tube via the tympanic membranes. The blood in the nose can also travel retrogradely via the auditory tube and middle ear into the external auditory canal. There are also a few reports of haemolacria accompanied by ear bleeding [18,23]. In this patient, a congenital absence of the valve of Hasner was not detected on endoscopic examination, and there was no complaint of epiphora, which is an overflow of tears owing to excessive secretion of the lacrimal glands or obstruction of the lacrimal ducts. Blood emerging through the lacrimal punctum can also be caused by tumours, foreign bodies or trauma. These pathological conditions were not detected in this case.
Bilateral cochlear implantation in children with common cavity
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2020
Milan Urík, Ivo Šlapák, Dagmar Hošnová, Alena Trčková, Denisa Pavlovská, Bronislava Bubeníčková
TML was first used in 1990 and published by Molter et al. [4]. Subsequently, several cases of internal ear malformation patients undergoing TML were reported. Other alternative approaches are canal wall down (CWD) or the approach via the recessus facialis. However, these approaches are associated with more frequent complications [5]. For the recessus facialis approach, cases of damage to the facial nerve were reported. Some authors suggested removing the incus for this approach, which allows a better view of the recessus facialis [6]. When using TML, incus removal is not necessary and it is possible to perform cochleostomy at a safe distance from the facial nerve. McElveen described four cases of cochlear implantation in CCM patients using TML without damaging the facial nerve [5]. As opposed to cochlear implantation, CWD and eventual removal of the eardrum carry a high risk of damaging the external auditory canal or the middle ear cavity. Some authors argue that there is a better way to control CSF leakage using CWD. TML however, facilitates good visualization of CSF leakage and simple plugging of the cochleostomy through connective tissue and tissue glue. Also, it is not necessary to close the ostium of the auditory tube or obliterate the tympanic cavity.