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Oral Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Marcia Ramos-e-Silva, José Wilson Accioly Filho, Sueli Carneiro, Nurimar Conceição Fernandes
Overview: Oral erythroplasia is rare and can affect both sexes, usually between 50–70 years of age. It appears as a nonspecific erythematous plaque without any other cause and asymptomatic, especially on the floor of the mouth, retro-molar, or mandibular alveolar region.
The Head and Neck
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
The oral cavity consists of the lower and upper lips, the lower and upper gingiva, the buccal mucosa, the mobile portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the hard palate, and the mandible. The mucosa can be the site of precancerous and early cancer: leukoplakia has an overall 6% chance of harboring carcinoma. While leukoplakia simplex has 0% of containing carcinoma, dysplastic leukoplakia has 13% and speckled leukoplakia has a 28% chance of malignancy. Therefore, it is highly recommended to excise these lesions. However, if the lesion is large and extensive, it can be closely observed after obtaining biopsies from thickened and suspicious areas. On the other hand, erythroplasia, which is a red velvety mucosal lesion, is usually an in situ or early invasive epidermoid carcinoma and must be totally excised with a few millimeters of free margins.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
Oral potentially malignant disorders are mucosal lesions that have a potential risk of developing into oral cancer. Examples include lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, chronic hyperplastic candidosis, leukoplakia, and erythroplakia. Leukoplakia (Figure 10.10) is a clinically descriptive term for a white patch that cannot be scraped off or attributed to any specific disease clinically or histologically. Erythroplakia is the analogous term for a red patch and speckled leukoplakia refers to similar lesions with white and red areas. These are not pathological entities and cover a variety of histological changes. On biopsy, a small proportion of leukoplakias, and many erythroplakias and speckled leukoplakias, show dysplastic premalignant changes. Generally the more severe the dysplasia, the greater is the likelihood of progression to carcinoma. Erythroplakias and speckled leukoplakias have a much greater incidence of severe dysplasia and are frequently early invasive malignancies at first biopsy.
Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD): What is the clinical utility of dysplasia grade?
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Kenneth P. H. Pritzker, Mark R. Darling, Jason T-K Hwang, David Mock
OSCC often, but not always, supervenes on a macroscopically visible, mucosal lesion of long duration. The lesions of concern can present as a white lesion, leukoplakia [18] or much less commonly, a red lesion, erythroplakia [19–21]. While some white mucosal lesions have a specificity sufficient to be excluded from leukoplakia, oral leukoplakia is quite common, with a global prevalence of 2–3% [22,23]. Leukoplakia continues to represent evolving definitions and diverse biology, making clinical management challenging [24]. OPMDs encompass a wide spectrum of lesions [25] which can be presented as white or red mucosal patches or a mixture [25–27]. Oral lesions classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as OMPDs include leukoplakia, erythroleukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, dyskeratosis congenita, smokeless tobacco keratosis, palatal lesions associated with reverse smoking, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, oral lichen planus (OLP), discoid lupus erythematosus, syphilitic glossitis, and actinic keratosis [23,28]. Others referenced elsewhere include oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) [16,29,30], exophytic verrucous hyperplasia, and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia [23,30], oral lesions of graft vs host disease [16,31], oral epidermolysis bullosa [16] and hyperkeratosis of unknown significance [16,25,26,32,33].
Genotoxicity of yellow shammah (smokeless tobacco) in murine bone marrow cells in vivo
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Saeed Alshahrani, Pankaj Tripathi, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Syed Mamoon Hussain, Abdul Hakeem Siddiqui, Waquar Ahsan, Mohammad Al Bratty
Shammah is an addictive substance associated with a plethora of deleterious health issues, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These hazardous effects are attributed to the presence of harmful chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, specifically nitrosamines and heavy metals, which have long been associated with risk of different types of cancers (Pappas et al. 2006). ST has already been reported to be linked with oral cancer, hypertension, heart diseases and various other life threatening ailments (WHO 2011, Anand and Illias 2017). Cancer caused by chewing ST usually begins as leukoplakia or erythroplakia. Erythroplakia is generally more severe than leukoplakia and over a period of time, it has greater chances of becoming cancerous (Priscillla and Joel 2000, Gupta et al. 2012). Bagchi et al. (1996) reported that the administration of aqueous extract of ST to rats not only induced hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation, but also increased the incidence of hepatic nuclear DNA single-strand breaks. Furthermore, impairment of the sperm head morphology, decreased total sperm count and various oxidative stress induced genotoxicity and germ cell toxicity were observed in animals treated with ST (Das et al. 2016). Adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight were also reported to be caused by ST (Abdulsallam 2017).
Glue embolization of a bleeding lingual artery pseudoaneurysm related to tongue surgery
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2022
Olivia Maleux, Robert Hermans, Vincent Vander Poorten, Geert Maleux
A 68-year-old man presented with a short episode of hematemesis 12 days after laser resection of an area of erythroplakia at the right lateral site of the tongue base. The acute bleeding was immediately controlled with conservative management and hemoglobin level remained stable (13 g/dL). Patient’s previous oncologic history included in situ invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the left vallecula treated with external beam radiation therapy 5 years before and a squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of tongue (BOT), treated and retreated twice with surgical resection (Trans Oral Robotic Surgery – TORS and Transoral Laser Microsurgery – TLM) for recurrent disease over the last 3 years.