China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Corneal Disorders
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Darren S. J. Ting, Rashmi Deshmukh, Daniel S. W. Ting, Marcus Ang
Chronic malnutrition, poor personal hygiene, and unsatisfactory sanitation facilities are known risk factors for endemic trachoma.26 Several characteristics of trachoma indicate that eradication is possible. Humans are the only host of the organism, azithromycin is an effective antibiotic against chlamydia, and antibiotic resistance has not been reported yet.27 The WHO came up with the SAFE (surgical treatment, antibiotics, face washing and environmental changes) strategy for prevention as well as treatment of the disease.28 Surgical treatment includes surgeries for trichiasis and eyelid abnormalities. The WHO recommends bilamellar tarsal rotation and posterior lamellar tarsal rotation for treating trichiasis.29 Antibiotic treatment includes single oral treatment with azithromycin 20 mg/kg up to 1 g or topical tetracycline for 6 weeks. When the prevalence is 5–10%, a targeted treatment for affected families is recommended. However, when prevalence exceeds 10%, mass treatment is preferred, which involves treating the entire village.30 Facial cleanliness and environmental changes to prevent the spread of disease have been shown to be effective.31 Implementation of the SAFE strategy has led to the successful elimination of trachoma from Cambodia, Ghana, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Oman, and Iran.21,27
Mycotic Keratitis Caused by Dematiaceous Fungi
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
Javier Araiza, Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Alexandro Bonifaz
The manifestations of MK are related to a severe and deep corneal ulcer that exhibits small satellite lesions and hypopyon. The ulcer generates nonspecific symptoms, with gradual onset and slower progression than bacterial keratitis (Riddell 2002). Additional ocular symptoms include pain, redness, dry eye, trichiasis, entropion, blepharitis, edema, conjunctivitis and defective vision (Badiee 2013). Slit-lamp for biomicroscopic evaluation is a useful tool for diagnosis and it allows to measure the diameter of the size of the inflammatory infiltrate, as well as the type, location, depth of the ocular inflammation and corneal ulceration (Badiee 2013).
Ophthalmology
Published in Fazal-I-Akbar Danish, Essential Lists of Differential Diagnoses for MRCP with diagnostic hints, 2017
Trichiasis:1 Scarring of the eyelid margin (secondary to infection or trauma).
Prevalence of Trachoma in 47 Administrative Districts of Zambia: Results of 32 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Consity Mwale, Willard Mumbi, Misa Funjika, Teddy Sokesi, Andrew Silumesii, Muma Mulenga, Grace Mutati, Davison Kwendakwema, Chisanga Chelu, Yilikal Adamu, Wondu Alemayehu, Tawfik Al-Khatib, Ana Bakhtiari, Michael Dejene, Patrick A. Massae, Caleb Mpyet, Christian Nwosu, Rebecca Willis, Paul Courtright, Anthony W. Solomon
The University of Zambia Biomedical Ethics and Research Committee (reference number 009-03-16) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (6319, 8355) approved the surveys. Provincial and district health offices and local leaders, such as ward councillors and village headmen, were informed and engaged. Survey teams obtained informed verbal consent to proceed from the head of each selected household and informed verbal consent for examination from adults. For examination of minors, the head of the household gave informed verbal consent. Consent was documented in the data collection tool. Examinees with active trachoma were given 1% tetracycline eye ointment to apply to both eyes twice daily for 6 weeks. Examinees with trichiasis were referred to the nearest appropriate health facility for management.
Prevalence of trachoma in four marakez of Elmenia and Bani Suef Governorates, Egypt
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Khaled Amer, Andreas Müller, Hussein Mohamed Abdelhafiz, Tawfik Al-Khatib, Ana Bakhtiari, Sophie Boisson, Gamal Ezz El Arab, Hema Gad, Bruce A. Gordon, Ahmad Madian, Ahmed Tarek Mahanna, Samir Mokhtar, Omar H. Safa, Mohamed Samy, Mohammad Shalaby, Ziad Atta Taha, Rebecca Willis, Ashraf Yacoub, Abdul Rahman Mamdouh, Ahmed Kamal Younis, Mohamed Bahaa Eldin Zoheir, Paul Courtright, Anthony W. Solomon
All consenting residents in the household aged ≥1 year were examined for trichiasis, TF, and trachomatous inflammation—intense (TI). Eyes with trichiasis were considered to have TT if they also had TS, or if the eyelid could not be everted for conjunctival examination by the grader. Participants identified to have trichiasis were asked whether they had been offered surgery or epilation by a health professional. All children identified as having active trachoma (TF and/or TI in one or both eyes) were provided with two tubes of 1% tetracycline eye ointment and their parents or guardian were instructed on how to use it. Participants with trichiasis were referred for surgery.
A search for trachoma in Timor-Leste: no evidence to justify undertaking population-based prevalence surveys
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Marcelino Correia, David Brunner, Manoj Sharma, Valerio Andrade, Julia Magno, Andreas Müller, Bernardete M. Pereira, Gabriele Thumann, Nitin Verma, Mathieu Bangert, Andréas J. Kreis, Anthony W. Solomon
Second, all eyecare workers engaged by the East Timor Eye Program participated in a 1-day training program covering examination for and recognition of trichiasis, delivered by a senior registrar in ophthalmology (VA) in October 2016. Subsequently, from 1 November 2016 to 30 April 2017, those front-line personnel examined for trichiasis all patients seen as part of routine clinical care in the referral hospitals of Baucau, Maliana, Suai, Maubisse, Oecusse and Dili; and the eye clinics of Lospalos (Lautém District); Viqueque (Viqueque District), Same (Manufahi District), Ermera (Ermera District) and Atauro Island (Dili Muncipality) (Figure 1).