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Glaucoma
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Zhi Da Soh, Victor Koh, Ching-Yu Cheng
The major causes of secondary glaucoma in Asia included pseudo-exfoliation, pigment dispersion, neovascularization, trauma, and steroid-induced.7 There are limited population-based data on the prevalence of pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma (PXG) and available prevalence figures vary widely from 0.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0, 0.2) in Japan to 2.2% (95% CI 1.7, 2.7) in Australia (Table 11.3). In addition, the National Blindness and Visual Impairment survey in Nigeria reported that couching, an ancient non-medical method of manipulating the crystalline lens, remains the most prevalent cause of secondary glaucoma, accounting for 38% of cases.43
Anatomical Rationality
Published in Roger French, Jon Arrizabalaga, Andrew Cunningham, Luis García-Ballester, Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease, 2019
Gentile claims that the whole scientia of the eye had been almost neglected. He accordingly follows the systematic mode of presentation adopted by Avicenna and works through the categories of structure, action, diseases, signs and treatment. It might be thought that the eye in particular was out of the range of intervention by the medieval medical man. The couching operation for cataract had a long history by Gentile's time and we need not doubt that specialists who learned by example performed the operation at a time when Gentile was writing about it. Gentile calls such people operantes,17 characterized by action rather than learning. It is clear he had not performed the operation himself and despite all his anatomical learning it was indeed out of range of his intervention.
The surgery of warfare
Published in Harold Ellis, Sala Abdalla, A History of Surgery, 2018
On the British side, one surgeon distinguished himself sufficiently to earn the title of ‘the British Larrey’. This was George James Guthrie (1785–1856) (Figure 9.10). At the age of 16, he entered the army as a hospital mate, but soon after this, it became compulsory for such men to become medically qualified, so Guthrie sat and passed the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) exam. This was followed by 5 years of military surgery in Canada and then 6 years as surgeon in the peninsular campaign. Guthrie returned from civilian life to help deal with the wounded at Waterloo. He was present at numerous battles, for example, he cared for 3,000 wounded after the Battle of Talavera in Spain and even captured a French cannon single-handed. At the end of the war, Guthrie published his Gunshot Wounds, in which, like Larrey, he advised early amputation, where this was indicated, certainly within the first 24 hours of wounding. He served on the staff of Westminster Hospital, founded the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital and wrote The Operative Surgery of the Eye (1823), where he advised extraction of the lens in cataract surgery rather than ‘couching’ (i.e. displacing) it.
Effectiveness of technology-based distance physical rehabilitation interventions on physical activity and walking in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2018
Aki Rintala, Sanna Hakala, Jaana Paltamaa, Ari Heinonen, Juha Karvanen, Tuulikki Sjögren
Mean (SD) duration of the intervention was 11 (3.5) weeks. The most used technology in distance physical rehabilitation interventions was the Internet. It was used in five studies with either only Internet-based e-training [32] or the Internet in combination with other technology such as a pedometer [26,27,31] or a telephone.[30] Two studies used only a telephone [25,28] and four studies used telephone in a combination with a pedometer,[33] unsupervised exercises using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board or interactive exergames,[29,34] or telehealth monitoring.[35] All of the included studies enabled interaction of two-way communication between the caregiver and the participant either by the Internet, a telephone,[25–34] or telephone with the combination of telehealth monitoring.[35] Internet-delivered interventions used either Skype,[31] online chat sessions,[26] video-couching,[27] or a feedback platform on a website.[32] Self-monitoring devices with one-way communication included a pedometer for independently controlling physical activity levels [26,27,31] or by using interactive exergames such as the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for balance exercises [29] or physical exercises.[34]
Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis – A Practical Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) was developed by Jacques Daviel in 1747.1,2 He reached the lens by incising the cornea inferiorly, puncturing and incising the lens capsule, and then expressing the nucleus and removing the cortex by curettage.2,3 Although ECCE constituted a major advancement over couching, which had been the predominant treatment for cataract since the 5th century BC, the complication rate was high.1–3 In 1753, Samuel Sharp performed the first intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE).2,3 The procedure involved breaking the zonules, with complete removal of the lens and capsule via a large incision in the limbus.2,3 The main disadvantages of ICCE were the large corneal incision, the need to remove the lens capsule, which acts as an anatomical barrier between the anterior chamber and the vitreous, and the loss of the best natural support for the intraocular lens (IOL) after cataract removal.2,3 In the absence of capsular support, the IOL could either be placed in the anterior chamber or fixated artificially to the sclera or iris. More than two centuries later, Charles Kelman introduced phacoemulsification as a new method of ECCE1,2 wherein the crystalline lens was emulsified and suctioned through a small corneal incision using ultrasound.2 Working through small corneal incisions significantly reduced the rate of complications associated with the older techniques while preserving the lens capsule.2,4 Phacoemulsification has since served as the standard technique for cataract surgery worldwide.2,3
Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms-2nd Edition (SIRS-2): Use and Admissibility in Forensic Mental Health Assessment
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Dustin B. Wygant, Jessica L. Tylicki, Laura F. Disney, Allison I. Connelly
Much of the SIRS-2 research, both from the test manual (Rogers et al., 2010) and subsequent studies (e.g., Green et al., 2013; Tarescavage & Glassmire, 2016; Tylicki et al., 2018) have found excellent specificity for the measure. Therefore, when the SIRS-2 indicates feigning, the forensic evaluator will have strong support for concluding that defendant (or plaintiff in a civil case) was feigning symptoms of mental illness during the evaluation. This would lend considerable support for a classification of malingering. Presumably, prosecuting attorneys would direct their own experts to argue that SIRS-2 classifications of feigning provide strong evidence of malingering, which could discredit claims by the defendant that he or she is incompetent to stand trial due to mental illness or insane at the time of the offense. Couching SIRS-2 results in light of the numerous studies discussed earlier could bolster credibility of the findings. Those findings could be further enhanced with the strategies discussed earlier for presenting favorable evidence. For example, the prosecuting attorney may ask: The defendant’s responses to the SIRS-2 items resulted in a classification of feigning, is that correct? After the expert responds in the affirmative, the prosecuting attorney could continue with Is your impression of how the defendant’s SIRS-2 results indicate feigning supported by any empirical research on the SIRS-2? This would allow the expert to explain the concept of specificity and note that a number of studies (Brand et al., 2014; Glassmire et al, 2016; Green et al., 2013; Tarescavage & Glassmire, 2016; Tylicki et al., 2018) found very good specificity for the SIRS-2. In this situation, defense counsel would need to cross experts with SIRS-2 results using the strategies discussed earlier for rebutting unfavorable results.