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Peptide Vaccine
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Joel Lim Whye Ern, Tan Shen Leng, Tee Yi Na, Palaniarajan Vijayaraj Kumar
Typical vaccines are either attenuated, inactive, or purified antigen vaccines. Although attenuated vaccines produce strong and long-lasting protection, the safety concerns towards immunocompromised patients cannot be eliminated. On the other hand, inactive and purified antigen vaccines are usually safer and more stable, but they do not provide long-lasting immune response and required several doses over time. The utilization of liposomes as vaccine delivery vehicles is able overcome these limitations as it is ideal in combining antigen and adjuvant into an effective vaccine. The first utilization of liposome as vaccine delivery vehicles was in 1974 (Allison and Gregoriadis 1974). To date, a number of liposome-based vaccines are commercially approved for human use and several are under clinical trials (Marasini et al. 2017). Stimuvax, formerly known as BLP25 liposome vaccine, has been tested in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The formulation consists tecemotide antigen and 3-O-deacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant anchored in the membrane of the liposome. In the early-stage trial, the results showed the survival time of patients with the vaccine increased compared to the control group (Xia et al. 2014).
Personalized Immune Therapy
Published in II-Jin Kim, Cancer Genetics and Genomics for Personalized Medicine, 2017
Joost Hegmans, Lysanne Lievense, Joachim Aerts
The research regarding cancer vaccines has made great progress since the discovery of human tumor antigens which can be recognized by T-cell receptors [26]. Tumor vaccines are designed to deliver tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells, which can subsequently induce a tumor specific immune response by the adaptive immune system. These vaccines can consist of various types of antigen sources. An antigen candidate needs to meet certain criteria in order to potentially be able to elicit a specific antitumor immune response. Tumor specificity, frequency, and homogeneous expression in tumor cells, their role as an oncogene, and intrinsic immunogenicity are essential features of antigens which determine the success of vaccines [27]. In lung cancer and mesothelioma, a broad spectrum of approaches using various antigen sources have been undertaken to develop cancer vaccines. These can be divided into (i) proteins and peptides, e.g., GV1001; (2) liposomal complexes, e.g., L-BLP25 or Stimuvax; (3) recombinant viruses and bacterial vectors, e.g., CRS-207; and (iv) cell-based vaccines as GVAX.
Combined adjuvant-delivery system for new generation vaccine antigens: alliance has its own advantage
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Monika Kaurav, Jitender Madan, M. S. Sudheesh, Ravi Shankar Pandey
Till date, only one liposomal adjuvant based vaccine formulation has licensed, i.e. Shingrix® of GSK adjuvanted with AS01B (MPL, QS-21 and liposomes) for variolla zoster virus infection [50], however several are under clinical trials. The studies performed using liposomal adjuvants are discussed over here. In a study, liposomal vaccine stimuvax comprises of L-BLP25 (antigen), MPL (adjuvant), Chol, DMPG and DPPC were tested in the patient of non-small cell lung cancer for phase III trial [NCT01015443]. The results indicated that survival time was increased in patients treated with liposomal vaccine formulation.
Toll-like receptor immune modulatory role in personalized management of colorectal cancer, review of literature
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2020
Nourhan Hossam, Marwa Matboli, Hanan H. Shehata, Marwa M. Aboelhussein, Mohamed Kamel Hassan, Sanaa Eissa
Moreover, BLP25 liposome vaccine (Stimuvax) also contains a TLR4 agonist and is being tested in a clinical trial for rectal cancer treatment (NCT01507103). It was found to promote an immune response and thereby identifying and destroying cancer cells bearing certain cancer antigens [141,142].