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Serine deficiencies
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Information is not available on pathogenesis, but serine is a precursor of phospholipids and glycolipids, important constituents of the CNS. The existence of these three defects in the biosynthetic pathway indicates that adequate amounts of serine are important for the development and function of the nervous system.
Foreign bodies
Published in Ffion Davies, Colin E. Bruce, Kate Taylor-Robinson, Emergency Care of Minor Trauma in Children, 2017
Ffion Davies, Colin E. Bruce, Kate Taylor-Robinson
In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the dangers of capsules and tablets used in dishwashers, and in washing machines in particular. These look very attractive to children, as they look like sweets. They contain strong alkaline compounds which can cause quite severe erosion of the oropharynx and oesophagus when swallowed. They should be managed by encouraging drinking several glasses of water within the first couple of hours post-ingestion. The child should be kept under observation for 8 hours and a specialist (usually ENT) involved if they become symptomatic from the throat or oesophagus. Side effects also include drowsiness – if this happens, seek advice from your country's toxicology service.
A Biopsychosocial Approach to Anxiety
Published in Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore, Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
Allison M. Greene, Christopher R. Bailey, Alexander Neumeister
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. GABA exerts its inhibitory effect by binding to specific pre-and postsynaptic receptors, causing ion channels to open up and to let negatively charged chloride ions enter the cell and positively charged potassium ions to flow out of the cell. This combination of chloride influx and potassium efflux leads to the hyperpolarization of the cell or inhibition (Watanabe, Maemura, Kanbara, Tamayama, & Hayasaki, 2002). The GABAA and GABAC receptors are ligand-activated chloride channels, and GABAB receptors are G-coupled protein receptors that can open or close these channels (Schwartz, 1988). GABA's inhibitory effect largely counteracts the excitatory effect of glutamate, another neurotransmitter released in excess in response to stress, indicating its role in anxiety disorders (Nemeroff, 2003a).
Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jaqueline G. Borges-Vieira, Camila K. Souza Cardoso
Vitamin D's role in human brain function is related to its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and the identifying vitamin D receptors (VDR) in the brain. These receptors are present in brain areas involved with depression, such as the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra. Vitamin D is therefore considered a neurosteroid [53]. The benefits of vitamin D on brain health rely on growing evidence. Recent clinical data show significant improvement in cognition function post-supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease [54]. Also, experimental research has demonstrated cognitive enhancement after supplementation in healthy adults with vitamin D levels ≤ 30 ng/ml [55]. Another relevant finding is about anatomic changes in the brain that were demonstrated in a study by Zhu et al. [56] in which low serum 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated to small intracranial volume and high depressive symptoms severity.
Dynamics and metabolic profile of oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and Candida albicans after interaction in co-culture
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Paula Masetti, Paula Volpato Sanitá, Janaina Habib Jorge
The abundance of the four amino acids (alanine, glycine, serine, and threonine) is shown in Figure 3. There was a great disparity in the abundance of alanine between the co-culture and the single cultures at all the time periods. In the co-culture, the production of this amino acid increased over time, with the peak at 72 h, followed by a slight decrease up to 96 h. The single cultures had similar concentrations of alanine: C. albicans biofilm showed increased production in the first 48 h and this was reversed by keratinocytes in the last 48 h. The amino acid glycine was similarly produced by the three groups from 90 min to 48 h. After this time point, there was a higher concentration of glycine in the co-culture, followed by the biofilm of C. albicans and keratinocytes. In general, the amino acid serine showed a decrease in concentration over time in all the growth conditions. In addition, Figure 3 shows that this amino acid was less consumed by the co-culture group than by the single cultures, which showed similar values of serine at 96 h. The amino acid threonine showed an increase in its concentration in the first 24 h for all growth conditions. Then, from 24 h to 96 h, this amino acid showed a variation in its abundance similar to that observed for serine and its consumption by the cultures increased, especially in the co-culture.
Effect of NMDAR-NMNAT1/2 pathway on neuronal cell damage and cognitive impairment of sevoflurane-induced aged rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Zhan-Yun Yang, Jun Liu, Hai-Chen Chu
However, these sevoflurane-induced rats treated with NMDAR agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) showed obvious improvement in the above indexes. Similar in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the NMDA-enhancing agents, like D-serine and DCS could significantly ameliorate the behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions, as suggested by Huang et al. [32]. In the meantime, Win-Shwe et al. reported that DCS can up-regulate the expression of genes related to learning and memory, and thereby improving the learning and memory abilities of toluene-exposed mice [33]. Many previous studies have pointed out that the administration of NMDAR antagonists may impair memory in learning and memory tasks, such as the radial maze and Morris water maze, suggesting that hippocampal NMDARs play an important role in learning and memory, especially the spatial memory [34,35]. Furthermore, DCS has been identified to improve memory in aging rats and enhance episodic-like memory in MPTP-lesioned rats [36]. There is good evidence for cognitive enhancement with DCS, while the cognitive enhancement is generally targeted at elevating NMDAR function [37]. Also, DCS may ameliorate neuronal and behavioral deficits through regulating the activity of glutamatergic NMDAR [38]. This hypothesis is supported by the findings that the expression of NMDAR subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) was increased in the hippocampus due to DCS treatment, which provides the evidence that the DCS can significantly improve the learning/memory and cognitive function of rats after inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane by activating the NMDAR pathway.