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Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Silibinin has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial in which 13 grams daily was found to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Asymptomatic liver toxicity (i.e., elevation of alanine aminotransferase and hyperbilirubinemia) was the most commonly observed adverse event. In 2012, a study suggested that silymarin exhibits a chemoprotective effect on hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common form of liver cancer. It was suggested that the components of silymarin may work by scavenging reactive oxygen species, stabilizing membranes, inhibiting fibrogenesis, inducing apoptosis, and promoting hepatocyte regeneration.
Micronutrients and Nutraceuticals: Effects on Exercise Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Stella L. Volpe, Quentin Nichols
The International Society of Sports Nutrition's position stand on β-alanine stated that doses of 4–6 grams/day improves carnosine content within the muscle (64). The International Society of Sports Nutrition noted that β-alanine, when use in the proper doses within healthy populations, shows no side effects (64). The position stand mentioned that there were some reports of paraesthesia and recommended that doses be lowered to 1.6 grams or less. In exercise events lasting 1–4 minutes, β-alanine should be dosed at 4–6 grams for a minimum of 2–4 weeks (64).
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure and Repair
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Joseph V. Bonventre, Ralph Witzgall
Weinberg and colleagues have found that glycine and alanine can be protective against injury due to increases in cytosolic free [Ca2+], ROS, ATP depletion, and Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition in isolated kidney tubules and epithelial cells in culture (Weinberg, et al., 1987; Weinberg, et al., 1991a; Weinberg, et al., 1991b). Concentrations of glycine of 0.25 to 2.0 mM are effective. Protection of kidney cells afforded by glutathione has been attributed by Weinberg and colleagues to the formation of glycine due to glutathione degradation (Weinberg, et al., 1989, 1990, 1987). Glutathione is rapidly broken down to cysteine, glycine, and glutamate. Of these agents only glycine is protective. With ischemia in vivo it is unlikely that levels of glycine fall below the concentrations found to be protective; however, depletion of glycine which is permeable to cell membranes may be clinically relevant in the transplanted kidney which may become depleted of glycine during storage. The protective effects of alanine appear to be similar to those of glycine (Garza-Quintero, et al., 1990). The mechanism by which glycine and alanine protect the tubular epithelial cell remains unknown (Weinberg, 1991).
Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Austin J. Graybeal, Andreas Kreutzer, Jada L. Willis, Kamiah Moss, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Meena Shah
The positive association between age and use of DS in athletes (6) is therefore unsurprising given the belief that some DS may alleviate these decrements. For instance, omega-3 supplementation and using DS to alleviate joint pain are commonly reported in older adults (23), coinciding with evidence supporting that fish oil supplementation reduces osteoarthritis-specific pain in this group (24). OA may also benefit from planned electrolyte supplementation, given that strenuous exercise and compounding age-related declines in kidney function may lead to more severe imbalances (25). For sports-specific DS, studies show that products such as protein supplements and beta-alanine improve endurance exercise in older adults (26). Thus, it appears that OA have distinct dietary needs (27) and more so now, given recent findings showing that masters athletics is becoming increasingly more competitive (28, 29). Moreover, higher training hours in endurance sports are associated with greater use of DS compared to non-endurance sports such as sprinting (30, 31). However, there are few established DS shown to improve endurance performance (6) and the prevalence of DS in most common endurance events is unknown. Additional insight to the use of dietary supplements in older endurance athletes will further develop the knowledge about patterns of use for DS in a sample of competitive endurance athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the: (a) use of DS, (b) motivation for use of DS, (c) sources of information for DS, and (d) if these differ by age in endurance athletes who were cyclists, runners, or triathletes.
Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Vincent Chau, Ravi A. Madan, Jeanny B. Aragon-Ching
In a phase I trial, patients with a variety of advanced solid tumors were treated with a dose-escalation of masitinib [25]. This trial was heavily skewed toward patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), but included 2.5% of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached, but an acceptable dose was identified at 12 mg/kg/day. Two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity. One had elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and another had dehydration, hyperbilirubinemia, renal insufficiency, and died. A total of 95% of patients had at least one treatment-related AE, and the most frequent AEs included gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, metabolic disorders, blood and lymphatic system disorders, and general disorders.
Discovering opioid users’ medical comorbidities: a data mining approach
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Yong-Mi Kim, Pranay Kathuria, Dursun Delen
The most notable findings in this group are cough, high globulin, gastrointestinal problems, fever, and night sweats. Opioids are known to relieve respiratory symptoms including cough and act as antitussive drugs (An et al., 2015; Marks & Rosielle, 2010); however, when opioids are used with marijuana, the effects of relieving coughing disappear. In fact, it gets worse. This may be caused by smoking or snorting marijuana. The finding shows that the combined use of opioids and marijuana is associated with about 30% of coughing problems among the discovered rules; however, the coughing problem weakens considerably with combined use of opioids and BZD or sole opioid use. High globulin and high alanine transaminase (ALT) are related to liver and/or kidney problems. The combined use of opioids and marijuana considerably elevates globulin and ALT.