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The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas and Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Lynne V. Abruzzo, L. Jeffrey Medeiros
The t( 1;19) is commonly found in precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia of “pre-B cell” (cytoplasmic IgM positive) type. This translocation joins the E2A gene on chromosome 1 with the Pbxl gene on chromosome 19. A chimeric transcription factor is produced that is believed to deregulate genes involved in leukemogenesis. Similarly, translocations that involve 11q23, such as t(4;ll), t(9;ll), and t(ll;19), occur in infants with precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. This translocation involves the MLL gene on chromosome 11q23. These infants present with a high white blood cell count, have an increased frequency of central nervous system involvement, and have a poor prognosis. The t(l;14)(p32;q11) has been described in up to 30% of cases of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. In this translocation the tal-1 gene (also know as SCL and tcl-5) and the SIL gene are joined as a result of illegitimate recombination.
B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Published in Wojciech Gorczyca, Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in Neoplastic Hematopathology, 2014
Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes) has favorable prognosis and good response to methotrexate [38–42], especially when there is a concurrent trisomy of chromosomes 4, 10, and/or 17 [43–45]. Near-tetraploid tumors (92–94 chromosomes) are associated with a high frequency of treatment failure, and therefore differ in prognosis from other hyperdiploid ALLs [46]. The chromosomal gains are nonrandom and usually involve chromosomes X, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, and 21. In a recent series of hyperdiploid ALL, the modal number of chromosomes was the strongest prognostic factor: the 6-year event-free survival for cases with 51–53, 54–57, and 58–66 modal number of chromosome groups were 80%, 89%, and 99%, respectively [47]. In the same study, the ploidy (DNA index) was also a favorable factor: the higher the DNA index, the better the outcome.
Monoclonal antibodies: new chance in the management of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Published in Hematology, 2022
Zheng Shi, Yiqian Zhu, Jing Zhang, Baoan Chen
In 2012, a pilot study reported 9 adult patients with CD20 + relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-ALL treated by the combination of Rituximab and chemotherapy, suggesting it may be a feasible approach to achieve CR and reduce MRD in this group of patients, but required larger series [24]. The MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) trial recruited 282 adolescents and adults with de novo Ph (Philadelphia chromosome) negative precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) and evaluated the efficacy of additional Rituximab into the standard treatment for patients with more than 20% CD20 expression. Based on the hyper-CVAD (hyper-fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) regimen, an effective first-line therapy in this subset, the incorporation of Rituximab demonstrated its superiority with better 3-year rates of CR duration (70%: 38%; P < 0.001) and 3-year overall survival (OS, time from treatment initiation to death or date of last follow-up) (75%: 47%; P = 0.003) in patients younger than 60 years old. But for the older patient group, prognosis was poorer regardless of the usage of Rituximab [25].
A Novel Compound Plumercine from Plumeria alba Exhibits Promising Anti-Leukemic Efficacies against B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Aaheli Chatterjee, Amrita Pal, Santanu Paul
Leukemia, otherwise known as blood cancer is a type of haematological malignancy that is characterized by uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (1). The increased percentage of the abnormal WBCs, in turn, reduces the ability of the bone marrow cells and cuts down the production of platelets and red blood cells leading to effects of cytopenia (2). Leukemia is mainly of two types: acute and chronic. Out of them, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the first commonly diagnosed haematological malignant diseases that have been considered as a paradigm for cancer research for the last few decades by conducting wide-ranging therapeutic trials (3) ALL is a commonly diagnosed pediatric malignant hematologic disease that leads to uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblast precursor cells (4). ALL are of two types, Precursor B cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or B ALL and T cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or T ALL (5).
Uveal Infiltration in an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Case
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Nan Sun, Yan Shao, Yawei Zheng, Xiaomin Zhang
SRD is associated with direct infiltration of the choroid, which induces choroidal ischemia and secondary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction. Usually, chemotherapy can completely resolve SRD and restore visual function, but irreversible changes in photoreceptors can also occur in this situation.23 SRDs have been reported in ALL, T cell prolymphocytic leukemia, precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, early pre B cell lymphoblastic leukemia, and AML.23 In this case, the SRD persisted when the tumor was resolved. This could be because the local radiotherapy and the third round of chemotherapy had just finished and the RPE function had not fully recovered, or it could be that the RPE function was further damaged by radiotherapy.