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Childhood Malignancies, Cysts, and Sinuses of the Head and Neck
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Malignant teratoma (germ cell tumour) is rare, and the majority are benign. Typically presents as an airway emergency at birth, but some are diagnosed in utero. Assessment: alpha-fetoprotein, beta human chorionic gonadotrophin, imaging. Airway procedure/surgical excision, may need salvage chemo/radiotherapy. Good prognosis if no metastases.
Germ-Cell Cancer of the Testis and Related Neoplasms
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
This is also known as malignant teratoma undifferentiated. This relatively featureless tumor is uncommonly found in pure form (3–4% of all germ-cell tumors). It comprises of approximately 40% of mixed germ-cell tumors.35 It is associated with a higher propensity for lymphovascular invasion and metastatic spread than the other tumor types. In the pure form, elevated serum levels of AFP are not seen. Macroscopically, tumors are often small and located close to the rete. The cut surface is grayish-white with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. Microscopically, the cells are large and embryonic in appearance and have pale, amphophilic or eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cell borders are ill-defined, and there is frequent nuclear overlap.
Urological cancer
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
Pelvic lymphadenectomy is advocated as part of the primary treatment of germ cell tumours in some centres, particularly in the United States. In the United Kingdom and Europe it is more usual to give initial treatment with chemotherapy and use surgery electively for those patients with primary teratomas who have residual tumour masses after full chemotherapy. This occurs in around 20% of patients and excision of these masses is important to remove not only residual malignant teratoma but also benign differentiated teratoma since this retains the potential to develop into a malignant form at a later date. At surgery approximately 20% are malignant teratoma, 50% differentiated teratoma and the remainder are necrotic with no viable tumour.
Late effects in patients with sacrococcygeal teratoma: A single center series
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2018
Salih Güler, Metin Demirkaya, Emin Balkan, İrfan Kırıştıoğlu, Nizamettin Kılıç, Betül Sevinir
The female/male ratio was 2.3. Median age of diagnosis of the patients was 22 days (1 day–14.6 years) and mean follow-up term was 78.5 ± 44 months (26–206 months). Of the patients (14/40) 35% were diagnosed during the antenatal period, (9/40) 22.5% in the neonatal period, (7/40) 17.5% between 1 and 12 months, (6/40) 15% between 13 and 24 months, and (4/40) 10% after 24 months. In 35 patients with a determined mass diameter, the largest mass diameter was between 2 and 30 cm. Mass was smaller than 10 cm in (24/35) 68.5% of patients and larger than 10 cm in (11/35) 31.4%. According to Altman classification, (9/40) 22.5% of the cases were type I, (10/40) 25% were type II, (15/40) 37.5% were type III, and (6/40) 15% were type IV. Histopathologically, (26/40) were mature teratoma, (4/40) 10% were immature teratome and (10/40) 25% were malignant teratoma. All the patients with malignant teratoma were older than 6 months (Table 1).
Biology of Cancer; From Cellular Cancerogenesis to Supracellular Evolution of Malignant Phenotype
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2018
Teratoma is a form of tumor resulting from abnormal generation and evolution of specific pluripotent cells (germ cells or embryonal cells), resuming internal developmental lineage of blastocyst (embryoblast). Variable (1–3) germinal layers of embryo are generated (21), which further can lead to developing of the corresponding tissues and organs (hair, teeth, eyes, hands, feet, brain matter, etc.). There are described mature and immature forms of teratoma, as well as teratomas with malignant evolution (22). Consequently, embryological reprogramming within an adult organism is possible, as proved by occurrence and development of teratoma. In addition, this embryological process seems to be interconnected (at least for immature forms) with malignant transformation. Very suggestive from the perspective of cancerogenesis, malignant teratoma may contain several components related to “conventional” malignancies such as leukemia, carcinoma, or sarcoma (22,23).
Immature teratoma of the ovary diagnosed after normal delivery: a case report
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Marjaneh Farazestanian, Maliheh Rakhshani, Malihe Hasanzadeh, Amir Hosein Jafarian, Zohreh Yousefi, Behrooz Davachi, Somayeh Moein Darbari
Teratoma is the most common form of germ cell tumour which consists of at least two layers of germ cell layers and includes a benign teratoma (dermoid cyst), some malignant teratoma and immature teratoma (Chang et al. 2017). Ninety-nine percent of teratoma cases are mature cystic teratomas (Pashankar et al. 2016). These neoplasms are composed of three germ cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Grading is based on the amount of immature neural tissue. Recently, the amount of yolk sac tumour within immature teratomas has been recognised as both the source of alphafetoprotein in affected patients and the major predictor of stage, grade, and rate of recurrence (Snir et al. 2017).