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Cancer—Prostate (PCa)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in men located in front of the rec tum and behind the bladder. It surrounds the urethra which passes through it and produces seminal fluid to nourish and transport sperm. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men over 50 and is the second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death among men in the U.S. Prostate cancer usually grows very slowly so there are often no early prostate cancer symptoms. It can often be treated successfully. When symptoms do develop, they are similar to BPH and can include nocturia, hesitancy (i.e., difficulty commencing and maintaining a urine stream), blood in the urine, painful urination, and difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.
Alternative Tumor-Targeting Strategies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Currently, there are many clinical trials on-going worldwide to evaluate the use of ultrasound-based thermo-ablation in several different cancer types including prostate, breast, and pancreatic. In the UK it is being evaluated in early prostate cancer or prostate cancer not responding to radiotherapy, and results so far are encouraging, although it is recognized that larger scale clinical trials are now required to confirm overall efficacy. The treatment is also being used to reduce benign thyroid nodules and for cosmetic surgery applications such as non-invasive face lifts.
Prostate Cancer
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Which finding is TRUE in the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 (SPCG-4), comparing radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in the management of early prostate cancer after up to 10 years follow-up?Radical prostatectomy reduces prostate cancer-specific mortality, overall mortality, the risks of metastasis and local progression compared with watchful waiting.Radical prostatectomy has no benefit in terms of overall survival.Radical prostatectomy has no benefit in terms of disease specific survival.Radical prostatectomy has no benefit in terms of reducing prostate cancer-specific mortality, overall mortality, the risks of metastasis or local progression.With longer follow up any difference in terms of cancer specific survival between the radical prostatectomy and watchful waiting is likely to decrease.
Addressing Disparities by Evaluating Depression as a Predictor of Prostate Screenings among Black Men in a Community Health Clinic
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2022
Eugenia Millender, Sabrina L. Dickey, Christine Ouma, Derminga Bruneau, Karen Wisdom-Chambers, Jessica R. Bagneris, Rachel M. Harris
Black men from all backgrounds, including African American and Black-Caribbean, already experienced health disparities in a nonpandemic environment and are less likely to be screened and receive early treatment for prostate cancer and depression (González et al., 2010; Hankerson et al., 2015). Depression screening should take place together with prostate screening since it has been shown that Black men with prostate cancer are at higher risk for depression (Kinlock et al., 2017). Early prostate cancer screening can decrease prostate mortality rates in Black men, and we should not lose sight of the role that depressive symptoms, race, social determinants of health (SDH), and a shared-decision approach play in prostate screening. Disproportionately, Black males are challenged with several social barriers that men of another race may not encounter, such as decreased access to health care, which contributes to late prostate cancer and depression screening, poorer prognosis, and other deleterious outcomes (Williams et al., 2019).
Serum relaxin-2 as a novel biomarker for prostate cancer
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2018
Prostate cancer is a common neoplasia in men and its incidence continues to rise in many countries. Some patients never experience symptoms or disease progression, whereas others will have a rapid progression to a life-threatening disease [1]. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has revolutionarily improved early prostate cancer detection [2]. The PSA level at diagnosis is associated with tumour volume, stage and Gleason grade, and in combination with other factors can risk-stratify patients upon diagnosis [3]. However, the use of PSA has resulted in significant prostate cancer over-diagnosis [4], since elevated levels are often detected in non-malignant conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Therefore, there is a need for improved biomarkers.
Emerging cell cycle inhibitors for treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2018
Alterations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling have been identified in approximately 40% of early prostate cancer cases and 70–100% of advanced disease [49]. In particular, loss of tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) leading to constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway has been documented in 30% of primary and 60% of castrate-resistant tumors [50]. Activation of the PI3K pathway is associated with resistance to ADT and may promote disease progression and poor outcomes in prostate cancer [51–54].