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Malignant tumors
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Chondrosarcoma is common in the hand, but localization in the distal phalanx is exceptional. The prognosis of distal lesion is better than that of proximal lesion.107–110 Whereas benign chondromas are painless chondrosarcomas are symptomatic and present with swelling and enlargement of the distal phalanx. X-rays may show speckles thought to represent active growth. Chondrosarcomas also develop in up to 50% of Ollier’s multiple enchondroma syndrome,111 in 18% of Maffucci–Kast syndrome, and in hereditary multiple exostosis syndrome.
Cysts and Tumours of the Bony Facial Skeleton
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Julia A. Woolgar, Gillian L. Hall
These are rare in the jaws; the most common sites being the anterior maxilla and mandibular condyle, presenting mainly in middle age with pain, swelling and loosening of teeth.34, 48, 49 Histologically, the chondroma is a cytologically benign tumour forming mature cartilage. A high degree of cellularity, multiple chondrocytes occupying a single lacuna and plump/binucleate cells are suspicious of well-differentiated chondrosarcoma.34, 48 Demonstration of invasion is also important. Less well-differentiated chondrosarcomas exhibit more obvious cytological features of malignancy. Calcification and endochondral ossification may occur in both benign and malignant lesions and accounts for the variable radiographic appearances. The outline may be well- or ill-defined or multilocular. Signal characteristics typical of cartilage matrix can best be seen on CT scanning. As in osteosarcoma, the rarity means evidence-based treatment protocols are not yet established. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with 60% 5-year survival.49 Mandibular compared to maxillary lesions, small tumour size and high degree of differentiation are favourable prognostic features, the first two presumably reflecting the importance of achieving surgical clearance.
Neoplasms of the Nasal Cavity of Cattle and Sheep
Published in Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Chondromas are benign neoplasms in the sense that they grow slowly and show the histologic feature of a high degree of differentiation. However, they differ somewhat from other benign tumors in that they are capable of local invasion and tend to recur following any operative interference short of complete excision of the tumor and all adjacent tissues.54
Bone tumors effective therapy through functionalized hydrogels: current developments and future expectations
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ruyi Shao, Yeben Wang, Laifeng Li, Yongqiang Dong, Jiayi Zhao, Wenqing Liang
Bone cancer is a type of tumor that develops in the bone and kills normal bone tissues. It might be benign or cancerous. The tumor grows and compresses the normal bone tissues in both cases, however benign tumors lack the ability to metastasize and therefore do not spread to other organs of the body. Benign bone tumors can progress to malignancy and pose a risk if remain untreated. Benign bone tumors include osteochondroma, osteoma, osteoblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, and enchondroma (Hakim et al., 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bone cancers are classified as primary or secondary tumors (Sisu et al., 2012) and categorized over 45 distinct forms of bone tumors in 2002 based on their findings. Among the many kinds of bone tumors, Osteosarcoma is the most common and major type of bone tumor, accounting for 31.5% of all cases, followed by angiosarcoma (1.4%), malignant fibrous histitocytoma (5.7%), chondroma (8.4%), Ewing’s sarcoma (16%), and chondrosarcoma (25.8%) (Sisu et al., 2012; Jemal et al., 2005). Secondary bone tumors are usually malignant and develop as a result of soft tissue metastasizing tumors in the breast, liver, or lung. As per the American Cancer Society, the number of joint and bone cancer diagnoses and deaths rises each year (Miller et al., 2019).
Risk factor for cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: a single-center experience
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Hiroyuki Ozawa, Mariko Sekimizu, Shin Saito, Shintaro Nakamura, Takuya Mikoshiba, Yoshihiro Watanabe, Yuichi Ikari, Masahiro Toda, Kaoru Ogawa
Basically, sellar tumors such as pituitary adenoma (PA) and Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) were operated on using the rescue flap technique, which enabled us to open the sphenoid sinus efficiently while preserving the vessels of the NSF [6], and the exposed dura of the sellar area was covered by abdominal fat tissue, absorbable hemostat, or free paranasal mucosa. For those tumors that caused a major intraoperative CSF leak, including relapsing PA or meningioma, the conventional NSF was harvested for skull base reconstruction. Chondromas were also operated on with NSF elevation and reconstruction because of the difficulty of preserving the NSF pedicle during removal of the tumor. In order to close the large deletion of dura mater after tumor removal, the free deep fascia of the thigh or rectus abdominis were used for the reconstruction of dura mater with in-lay placement and fixation. If NSF had already been used for reconstruction during previous surgery, the engrafted NSF was reused, where possible, to cover the skull base defect. Skull base reconstruction with free tissue or artificial materials was selected only in those cases that had no optional method for a pedicled flap. When needed, abdominal fat tissue was additionally utilized to fill the gap between the NSF and paranasal mucosa, occupying the space after tumor removal, or plugging the small slit of dura mater. Pericranium reconstruction was used for the anterior skull base tumor as a minimally invasive pericranial flap technique [7] or for the EESBS combined with a simultaneous transcranial approach [8].
Extramedullary hematopoiesis masquerading as a cranial (clivus) tumor
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
John R. Krause, Laura Baugh, Shannon Kelley, Antonio Onofrio, George Snipes
A 57-year-old woman with known hypertension, neurofibromatosis, and polycythemia vera presented with progressive bilateral vision loss. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a transpatial mass thought to originate from the sella turcica (Figure 1a). The mass measured approximately 5 cm with regional osseous remodeling, and given its presumed origin from the clivus the differential diagnosis favored a clival chondroma, with pituitary macroadenoma, giant cell tumor, plasmacytoma, and lymphoma being additional considerations. A biopsy showed a collection of hematopoietic elements containing erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic cells (Figure 1b). Blasts were not increased with a CD34 immunostain, ruling out a granulocytic sarcoma. The tissue was considered to represent a collection of extramedullary hematopoietic tissue. Given the patient’s history of polycythemia vera, a subsequent bone marrow biopsy was performed, which documented a marrow consistent with polycythemia vera that had evolved to the fibrotic stage (Figures 1c, 1d). The patient was treated with a course of low-dose radiotherapy with resolution of the mass and her visual symptoms.