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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Drugs and other chemical substances are important factors in altered taste. Chemotherapeutic agents are among the most prominent of these. But antibiotics, anticonvulsants and even antihypertensives have been reported to alter taste.
Toxins in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Although advances in the field of oncology is a boon to cancer patients, the spectrum of toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agents is also worrisome. Ocular toxic effects related to the use of cytarabine include corneal epithelial toxicity and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis [48]. Methotrexate has also been noted to cause macular edema [49]. Daunorubicin inhibits proliferative vitreoretinopathy changes after surgery for retinal detachment and glaucoma filtering surgeries due to its antifibroblast action [50–52]. However, it can cause retinal toxicity with high intraocular doses. Cisplatin has been reported to cause delayed optic neuritis. Etoposide causes central retinal artery occlusion secondary to thrombosis when given intra-arterially. It exerts synergistic effect with cisplatin and causes retinal toxicities. Bleomycin causes cortical blindness with concurrent usage with cisplatin.
Ursolic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpene from Plants in Nanomedicine
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Monalisha Sen Gupta, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kumar Anand, Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Sanmoy Karmakar
Cancer is a sort of illness presuming unnatural cell growth with the possibilities to occupy or spread to other portions of the body. Growing cancer incidence and increased mortality trends implied that more efforts should be made to overcome the challenges in the treatment of cancer. As adjuvant therapy, chemotherapeutic agents have been used independently or integrated with other or integrated with other treatments. Ursolic acid shows a promising inhibitory effect in different cell lines. UA has recently attracted great attraction for its potential as a chemotherapeutic as well as chemopreventive factor. UA kills the fastly growing and dividing cancerous cells as a solitary chemotherapeutic agent, and also destroys the growing regular cells. It may cause adverse effects like congestive heart failure (CHF) during clinical treatment. Limitations of solubility and bioavailability can be solved by incorporating the convenient and safe delivery system, which also helps to maximize the therapeutic activity and minimize the side effects.
Co-delivery of docetaxel and p53 gene from cationic nanoparticles based on poly (l -lactide) and low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (PEA)
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Qingfa Guo, Fanyuan Kong, Xiaoru Pan, Shuhua Cao
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality, and the worldwide incidence of cancer continues to increase (Bray et al. 2015; Feng et al. 2019; Mattiuzzi and Lippi 2019). At the present, cancer is usually treated by chemotherapeutic agents (Bonifati et al. 2000; Cai et al. 2019). It is well known that many drugs have bioavailability problems due to their low water solubility, slow dissolution rate, and instability in the gastrointestinal tract and so on, whereas negligible survival benefit is obtained. Development of new therapeutic means is urgently needed (Abuzar et al. 2018; Jeswani et al. 2021). Recently, combination therapy is widely applied to cooperatively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. Gene therapy is promising for curing various inherited or acquired diseases (Rebecca et al. 2020). However, lack of safe and efficient carriers for DNA currently is a main hurdle to the success of gene therapy. Although viruses are well suited to gene delivery for its high transfection efficiency, side effects are always induced, which are critical troubles. After some failures of clinical gene therapy were caused by the severe side effects of viral vectors, safety became the first issue to be considered when advanced gene delivery system was developed for clinical gene therapy. And nonviral gene carriers were highlighted because they were safe to use and easy to produce (Rezaee et al. 2016; Sung and Kim 2019). Nonviral gene-delivery systems, which have advantages such as nonimmunogenicity, low cytotoxicity and low cost, are safer to use and easier to produce than viral vector.
Carbohydrates based stimulus responsive nanocarriers for cancer-targeted chemotherapy: a review of current practices
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Cheng-Wu Zhang, Jun-Gang Zhang, Xue Yang, Wen-Lin Du, Zi-Lin Yu, Zhen-Ye Lv, Xiao-Zhou Mou
Chemotherapeutic agents, either alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, are currently widely used for the treatment of various types of cancers. However, anticancer drugs are highly non-specific for cancerous cells. The therapeutic concentration in the tumor microenvironment for anticancer drugs is achieved at the expense of extensive contamination of the rest of the body, thus leading to diverse off-target side effects. Therefore, nanocarriers are explored as an alternative and efficient strategy for targeted and site-specific delivery of anticancer drugs. Stimulus-responsive nanocarriers are designed in a way that they respond to exterior stimuli like ultrasonic, light, heat, and magnetic fields, along with various internal stimuli including pH, hypoxia, enzyme, redox potential, thus releasing their loaded anticancer agents specifically in the micro-environment of the tumors. This in turn leads to the increased concentration of the drugs in the proximity of the tumor while avoiding the non-specific distribution of the drugs in other healthy tissues. Thus, stimulus-responsive nanocarriers achieved higher therapeutic efficacy for the anticancer drugs with minimum off-target side effects.
Malignant invasion of the cerebrospinal fluid in adult and paediatric patients with haematological and solid malignancies: a monocentric retrospective study
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Leonie Smets, Helena Claerhout, Christine Van Laer, Nancy Boeckx
Most of the 212 patients were treated after the detection of leptomeningeal invasion. Only 45 patients (2 children and 43 adults; 21%) were considered palliative and received solely comfort care. Chemotherapy, alone or in combination with other therapeutic options, was administered in the vast majority (41 children and 104 adults). In 118 patients (33 children and 85 adults), the chemotherapeutic agents were administered intrathecally (IT). In haematological malignancies and children, chemotherapeutic drugs were often prescribed simultaneously by an intrathecal and systemic route. In solid malignancies, however, isolated IT or only systemic administration of chemotherapy was more common. Radiotherapy, targeted or pancranial, was given to 59 patients (9 children and 50 adults), and the majority of these (76%) had a solid malignancy.