China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Cancer, also known as malignant tumor, is part of a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth. It is possible to kill normal cells and quickly spread to all parts of the body. Cancer can be classified according to cell types, such as cancer derived from epithelial cells (most common in the elderly population), sarcoma derived from connective tissues, cancer derived from hematopoietic cells (such as blood cancer), cancer derived from pluripotent cells (such as dysgerminoma and seminoma), and cancer derived from immature embryos (which is the most common type in children) (Weinberg, 2007). So far, about 100 known cancers have been found to affect humans. There are many causes of cancer: for example, obesity, tobacco, poor diet and excessive, drinking, genetic defects and following radiation (King and Robins, 2006). Cancer is a global medical problem. For a long time, clinical scientists have been looking for less toxic and more effective anti-cancer methods. Natural compounds derived from the ocean, with low cost and availability, have great potential in treating cancer. Seaweed consumption is associated with its health benefits. Seaweed is considered to be a potential source for the development of anticancer drugs, functional foods and pharmacological products (Cardozo et al., 2007; Chu, 2011; Lordan et al., 2011; Pangestuti and Kim, 2015; Smit, 2004; Thomas and Kim, 2011).
Your Voice of Self-Advocacy
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
During our appointment, Susan seemed in a quandary, expressing conflicting beliefs and feelings. “I know I need hormone therapy, but I was hoping to do this naturally. But I have tried everything, and nothing is helping.” Susan’s fears had also been reinforced by a friend’s opinion: “Oh, you don’t want to take hormones—they can cause breast cancer. Medications are not natural.” When I asked Susan to share her concerns about taking hormones, her list was typical of what I have heard from many women: I feel like a failure if I “give in” to medication. Menopause is a natural process that I should be able to control. I am disappointed in myself for not being able to manage these symptoms.I am not the kind of person who takes medication. Both my mother and sister went through menopause without hormones.I’m worried about the risk of breast cancer, even though nobody in my family has had breast cancer, and the Women’s Health Initiative study reassured me that the increased risk of breast cancer in the first few years is low.
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Exposure to all types of ionising radiation increases the risks of cancer. They include X-rays and gamma rays. The radiation comprises protons, electrons or neutrons produced by unstable atoms. Ionising radiation is emitted in the natural world from certain minerals, such as radon gas in the ground, or from outer space. Radon gas, a natural radioactive gas in the soil and rocks, is linked to 4% of lung cancer cases in the UK. Cancer is more likely to develop where it is particularly prevalent, and if it accumulates indoors, it can cause cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2019). Ionising radiation can also be produced by activities associated with industry, medical imaging, nuclear medicine or radiotherapy.
Global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to occupational carcinogens in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Yan Zhang, Mi Mi, Ning Zhu, Zhijun Yuan, Yuwei Ding, Yingxin Zhao, Yier Lu, Shanshan Weng, Ying Yuan
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with 2.094 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually [1]. TBL cancer is associated with genetic variation, smoking, environmental factors and occupational exposures. Previous studies have shown that up to 25% of all TBL cancer deaths were attributable to causes of occupational exposure [2]. In addition, the International Labour Organization estimates that of the world’s 2.5 billion workers, 2 million die each year from occupational accidents or diseases, and a third of these diseases are respiratory cancers and interstitial lung diseases [3]. At the same time, occupational exposure is the cause of cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life years worldwide, of which lung cancer is the primary outcome of most carcinogens and accounts for the largest proportion of the burden [4]. Therefore, occupation-related TBL cancer is unquestionably a major global health problem.
Sex-specific lung cancer risk among radiation workers in the million-person study and patients TB-Fluoroscopy
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
John D. Boice, Elizabeth D. Ellis, Ashley P. Golden, Lydia B. Zablotska, Michael T. Mumma, Sarah S. Cohen
The evidence that low-LET radiation causes lung cancer comes mainly from acute high-dose-rate exposures and at moderate radiation doses (UNSCEAR 2008). The Japanese atomic bomb survivor study provides evidence for an increased radiation risk of lung cancer but also indicates that the risk of radiation-induced lung cancer is nearly three times greater for women than for men (Ozasa et al. 2012; NCRP 2014; Cahoon et al. 2017). In contrast, studies of tuberculosis patients undergoing frequent chest fluoroscopic examination to monitor lung collapse therapy in Canada and in Massachusetts have failed to find an increased risk of lung cancer despite lung doses that exceed those of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors (Davis et al. 1989; Howe 1995). It has not been clear why such differences exist. One possibility is that fractionation of dose over time results in lower risk than when the exposure is received in a short period of time (Fry 1996). This difference in sex-specific radiation lung cancer risk is of special interest to NASA which bases its protection standards on lifetime risk estimates for individuals based on the atomic bomb survivor study (NA/NRC 2012). Since women have a much higher risk of lung cancer on a relative scale than men, their lifetime risk estimates per unit dose are much higher and thus their time in space for long-term missions is limited.
Causal health attributes and beliefs of tobacco-related cancer patients in Assam, India
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2022
Causal attributions may affect cancer patients’ quality of life (QoL), psychosocial adjustment, and distress levels.6(4) Some studies suggest that people perceiving the cause of cancer within their control are more likely to change the behavior which they feel contributed to their illness.1,7 Studying cancer survivors’ health attributions, Ferrucci et al.6 revealed that the majority of the survivor reported specific causal attributions to their illness and many had contemplated the existential question of “why me”. The most common attributions reported were related to lifestyle (modifiable), biological (fixed), and environmental (fixed) factors.6 Further, there are contradictory findings on the association between modifiable causal attributions, psychosocial well-being and adjustment.6,8–11