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Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Cancer immunotherapy deploys immune cells against cancer rather than direct killing of cancer cells. Recent developments in cancer immunology provide opportunities to harness the benefit of tumor-specific immunotherapy that can eradicate the cancer cells without harming the healthy cells. Immune checkpoint blockade-based cancer immunotherapy made a paradigm shift in cancer treatment because of impressive success rate, less side effects, recurrence-free survival, and applicability to a wide range of tumors. However, a significant fraction of patients show unresponsiveness to single agent therapy for immunoinhibitory receptors. These limitations should be addressed to improve the efficacy further. Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their special features (e.g., small size and large surface-to-volume ratio), present immense potential that can be used as adjuvant or complementation to improve the antitumor immunity.
Cancer Immunology
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Osama Al Hamarneh, John Greenman
Major technical and conceptual advances in immunology and cancer immunology in particular over the last two decades has led to a better, although by no means as yet complete, understanding of the complex relationship between the immune system, tumour initiation and progression, and immunotherapy. Specifically much attention has focused on changes in individual immune profiles of patients treated with conventional, biological or combination therapies; such work is underpinned by high-throughput proteomic and genomic platforms. This has led to a huge amount of interest in using immune biomarkers to both diagnose and monitor tumour response to therapy, as well as acting as a potential therapeutic option alone or in combination with chemo- or radiotherapy.
Treatment of Cancer
Published in Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam, Understanding Cancer Therapies, 2018
The immune system will detect and destroy abnormal cells, thereby preventing the development of cancers. But in some cases, a cancer cell avoids detection and destruction by the immune system. In the field of cancer, immunology developed a new method called immunotherapy to treat cancer. Immunotherapy increases the strength of the immune system against a tumor either by stimulating specific components in the immune system or by suppressing the signals produced by the cancer cell which suppress the immune system.
Multimodal imaging and photothermal synergistic immunotherapy of retinoblastoma with tuftsin-loaded carbonized MOF nanoparticles
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Hongmi Zou, Meng Li, Xing Li, Wendi Zheng, Hongyu Kuang, Menglei Wang, Wenli Zhang, Haitao Ran, Huafeng Ma, Xiyuan Zhou
Nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy (PTT) is a novel cancer treatment method that uses photothermal nanomaterials to convert light energy into heat to kill cancer cells. Direct thermal ablation (more than 42 °C) has an antitumor effect, killing tumor cells by destroying the tumor cell membrane, destroying the cytoskeleton and inhibiting DNA synthesis. It is suitable for solid tumors (Hou et al., 2018). Over the past decade or so, advances in cancer immunology have forced scientists and clinicians to acknowledge the extent to which suppressing cancer cells alone is not enough to effectively treat cancer. Tumors and their microenvironment are complex aggregates of transformed cells, blood vessels, fibroblasts, and immune cells that produce cytokines, which enhance the growth of tumor cells and inhibit the activation of antitumor immunity. Immunotherapy is a treatment that works on the immune system by activating the immune system to alter the tumor microenvironment, thereby killing rapidly dividing tumor cells (Musetti & Huang, 2018). The work of Guo and Li et al. confirmed the effectiveness of photothermal combined immunotherapy for tumor suppression (Guo et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019).
Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy: From Defining Basic Immunology to Leading the Fight Against Cancer
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Given that the immune system principally evolved to neutralize infectious agents, and for decades standard of care cancer treatments included chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and hormonal blockade, it was not clear until recently that the basic study of cancer immunology would ultimately advance clinical oncology. Further, basic discoveries in tumor biology spurred the development of promising new therapies designed to directly kill tumors via non-immunological mechanisms, such as inhibitors that target either oncogenic mutated tyrosine kinases (Druker et al. 2006; Flaherty et al. 2010) or factors that promote tumor angiogenesis (Abdollahi and Folkman 2010). It has thus been remarkable that immunotherapies have not only significantly advanced the clinical treatment of cancer, but also that “non-immunological” therapies such as radiation (Sharabi et al. 2015), chemotherapy (Apetoh et al. 2007), hormonal blockade (Adler 2007), and oncogenic kinase inhibition (Knight et al. 2013) work in part by promoting anti-tumor immunity.
Clinical impact of T cells, B cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in muscle invasive bladder cancer: a comparative study of transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Sara Wahlin, Björn Nodin, Karin Leandersson, Karolina Boman, Karin Jirström
Significant research efforts within cancer immunology have been directed towards tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs), which have been associated with both disease prognosis as well as response to chemotherapy in various types of cancers.10–13 Cancer surveillance is largely dependent on TICs, and given their key role in the anti-tumor response, infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells has been identified as a prognostic indicator in MIBC.14,15 Similarly, infiltration of other T cell subsets, including Forkhead box P3+ (FoxP3+) Tregs, has been correlated with an improved survival.16 A reinforced anti-tumor T cell response in lymph nodes after NAC treatment in MIBC has recently been demonstrated by Krantz et al.17 Apart from the T cell response, B cells also play a critical role in anti-tumor immunity and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration has been linked to favorable outcomes in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer, breast, cervical and non-small cell lung cancer.18–20 As of yet, the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating cells of the B lineage, including CD20+ B lymphocytes, in MIBC is poorly understood.