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Kinetics and Metabolism
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Gunnar F. Nordberg, Tord Kjellström, Monica Nordberg
A number of studies indicate that the retention, or overall absorption, of cadmium nitrate, chloride, or sulfate given orally is about 1 to 2%. The absorption of cadmium stearate is about half of the absorption of sulfate. The absorption in monkeys may be higher than in smaller animals.
Effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage in Nasturtium officinale R.Br. (watercress)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Fahriye Sümer Ercan, Nuri Ercan, Dilek Demirezen Yilmaz
Fresh samples of Nasturtium officinale R.Br. were obtained from ponds in Kayseri, Turkey. Plants were grown in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1 °C during 16/8 light/dark cycle with 350 μmol m2 s−1 of irradiance by cold fluorescent lamps. The plants were growth in Hoagland nutrient solution, and the solution was renewed every four days. In this study, cadmium nitrate was used for treatments and were exposed to various concentrations of cadmium nitrate: 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppb. Plants were exposed to various concentrations of CuCl2·2H2O: 200, 500, 1000, 2500 ppb and K2Cr2O7: 1, 3, 10, 25, and 50 ppb. The solution pH was maintained to 5.8 ± 0.1 by titration with NaOH or HCl solutions (0.1 M) when required. On the seventh day, heavy metal treated plants were harvested from containers. The plants were rinsed twice with distilled water and subsequently, biochemical parameters were determined. Dried samples of plant were digested with 10 ml of concentrated HNO3, using a CEM microwave digestion system. After digestion, the volume of each sample was adjusted to 25 ml using double deionized water (Demirezen 2007). Determination of the cadmium, chromium and copper concentrations in all samples was carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Varian). The samples were analyzed in triplicate.
Cadmium nitrate-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity via caspases in Neuro-2A neurons
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Chuan-Cheng Wang, Ming-Ling Yang, Ching-Ping Yang, Ching-Hui Liang, Chien-Ying Lee, Hui-Wei Lin, Yu-Hsiang Kuan
Cadmium (Cd) is a high density heavy metal frequently used in various industries, such as battery, pigments, alloy and multicolored glasses manufacturing. Cd is widely distributed in the environment via air, water and soil through mining, smelting, usage of phosphate fertilizers, and tobacco smoking, etc. (Jarup & Akesson, 2009). There are several forms of Cd generated, including cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium oxide (CdO), cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). Cd and its derivative compounds are probably the most toxic metals that harm human health and are classified IB as human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1993; Satarug et al., 2003). Exposure to Cd has been demonstrated to contribute to multi-organs damages, including kidney, liver, stomach, respiratory system and bone (Koyu et al., 2006; Nordberg et al., 2002; Schöpfer et al., 2010). Cd can accumulate in the brain tissue by transporting across the blood–brain barrier. In both human and animal models, exposure to Cd leads to long-term impairment of neurobehavioral functions, such as indisposition of attention and memory, alterations in the psychomotor and vasomotor functioning, peripheral neuropathy and olfactory dysfunction (Haider et al., 2015; Viaene et al., 2000). Cd(NO3)2, a compound generated from Cd, is the major product of tobacco smoking and was used in the nickel–Cd batteries. The most momentous source of human Cd absorption is from tobacco smoking and occupational exposure in the related job fields (Bernhoft, 2013; Nordberg et al., 2007). However, the pathologic characteristic of Cd(NO3)2 could be neurotoxicity which is the etiological factor in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Mechanistic study of copper oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, and silver nanoparticles-mediated toxicity on the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Aya M. Eid, Osama M. Sayed, Walaa Hozayen, Tarek Dishisha
CdONPs were chemically synthesized as described previously (Ranjithkumar et al.2016). Briefly, 0.5 M of cadmium nitrate was dissolved in distilled water. Then, 1 M of sodium hydroxide solution was added to the cadmium nitrate solution with consistent stirring for 2 h at RT. The resulting suspension was then left undisturbed for 8 h, and the impurities were removed by washing the precipitate multiple times with distilled water. The hydroxide, thus formed, was dried at 80 °C. Finally, the obtained powder was calcined at 500 °C for 2 h.