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Designing and Delivering a DTx Clinical Research Program: No Need to Re-invent the Wheel
Published in Oleksandr Sverdlov, Joris van Dam, Digital Therapeutics, 2023
Colin A. Espie, Alasdair L. Henry
Cohort studies are commonly used within medicine and can provide valuable information about links between behavior and health; e.g., The British Doctors Study (Doll and Hill, 1954; Doll, 2000). In cohort studies, individuals who have been using a specific intervention or have a disorder can be tracked over time to assess for change in a pre-to-post manner or examine risks and incidence rates for particular conditions. These studies can be conducted prospectively or retrospectively, with the former considered more robust and of higher quality (Castillo et al., 2012). Although more straightforward and less time-consuming to conduct, retrospective studies are limited by the available data and thus may not be directly suitable to the research question (Barrett and Noble, 2019).
Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
We will use data from the seminal studies undertaken by Sir Richard Doll and Sir Austin Bradford Hill on smoking and lung cancer, the first was a case-control study and the second, known as the British Doctors Study, was a cohort study.
Poisson and Nonlinear Regression
Published in Gary L. Rosner, Purushottam W. Laud, Wesley O. Johnson, Bayesian Thinking in Biostatistics, 2021
Gary L. Rosner, Purushottam W. Laud, Wesley O. Johnson
Exercise 9.5. Consider the British Doctors Study in Example 9.3 using BUGS. The data and some code are on the book's website for Chapter 9, with a file name that includes “British”. In the data, A is age, S is smoking status, and y and M give the Poisson counts and offsets, respectively.
Age at death of major cardiovascular diseases in 13 cohorts. The seven countries study of cardiovascular diseases 45-year follow-up
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2019
Alessandro Menotti, Paolo Emilio Puddu, Hanna Tolonen, Hisashi Adachi, Anthony Kafatos, Daan Kromhout
Age at death (AD) is a metric frequently used to describe fatal events related to rare diseases occurring in infants and children and for its estimation in forensic medicine. A larger and more comprehensive use of this metric is in demography and can be estimated in populations that (nearly) reached extinction. In this case, AD has advantages over death rates and life expectancy because it is unrelated to the entry age of the study population. AD is widely used in demography to describe mortality trends across populations [1–4] but almost never used in classical field epidemiology. Population studies with a follow-up reaching the stage of extinction are rare. Classical examples are the British Doctors Study with participants enrolled in the 1950s and followed-up for 50 years in relation to smoking habits and fatal events [5] and the Minnesota Business and Professional Men Study of Cardiovascular Diseases [6].
Age at death in cohorts of middle-aged men followed-up until nearly extinction: the European areas of the Seven Countries Study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Alessandro Menotti, Paolo Emilio Puddu, Hanna Tolonen, Anthony Kafatos
Follow-up of population studies started in the last century may have reached the stage of extinction or nearly extinction of the enrolled cohorts. This applies to historical studies such as the British Doctors Study [1] and the Minnesota Business and Professional Men [2]. At that stage, analysis of all-cause mortality based on traditional procedures may become tricky and open to difficult interpretations. A useful alternative might be the use of age at death (AD), a mortality metrics that has been exploited in different fields but with different meanings, such as the description of outcome related to rare congenital diseases occurring in infants and children, the estimate of age in unknown dead subjects in forensic medicine, and in some demographic analysis where AD seems to be a better tool than the traditional ones to describe ageing of populations [3–5]. On the other hand, AD is very rarely used in classical field epidemiology since population studies with a follow-up reaching the stage of extinction are rare [6,7]. The only contributions that have some similarity with this approach are analyses on risk factors for all-cause mortality [8–21].
The growth and development of cohort studies
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
In 1951, in collaboration with Austin Bradford-Hill, Doll contacted all registered medical doctors in Britain requesting them to complete a questionnaire on smoking habits. 34,494 of the 58,600 questionnaires sent out related to men and were complete enough to be followed-up on seven occasions between in 1957 and 2001 (Doll and Hill 1964; Doll and Peto 1976; Doll et al. 1994). It is astonishing to realise in 2019, when less than 10% of degree educated males smoke, that in 1951 87% of male medical doctors were regular smokers. Doll’s prospective cohort entitled the “British Doctors Study” demonstrated conclusively the relationship between smoking, lung cancer and respiratory diseases.