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Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Although high doses of single phytochemicals may show potent anticarcinogenic effects, the chemo-preventive properties of interactions among various dietary ingredients that potentiate the activities of any single constituent may better explain the observed preventive effect of whole foods and diets in many epidemiological studies (4). Natural remedy advocates are constantly recommending multiple supplements from various plant or herb extractions. For example, curcumin, a strong antioxidant of turmeric spice, is a potent anticarcinogen in vitro. But in humans, this property becomes weak because curcumin is poorly absorbed by the small intestine, thereby decreasing its efficacy in the prevention or treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases, and CVDs. However, when turmeric is eaten in the same time with black pepper or galangal spice, the bioavailability of curcumin is now multiplied by 100 to 1,000 times (see Chapter 5, monograph Turmeric). Other examples of synergy between different foods are abundant. For example, resveratrol, a polyphenol present in red grape and red wine, can protect cancer and cardiovascular diseases by activating sirtuins. In contrast, resveratrol supplement alone does not give this same healthy effect as red grapes because in red grapes, there are the coenzyme NAD+ and other phytonutrients that might help resveratrol to activate sirtuins.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
A major challenge that has faced the investigation of chemopreventive agents is the difficulty in developing suitable in vitro laboratory screens. For example, while it is possible to use assays based on enzymes or whole cells to screen for compounds that enhance a specific type of metabolism or cell signaling pathway, there is no guarantee that up- or down-regulation of that particular pathway in vivo will result in the suppression of carcinogenesis. A further complication is that some precarcinogens may not be activated by the same metabolic pathway in animal models or humans. Moreover, even well-developed in vitro assays cannot imitate the complexities of the tumor microenvironment, making it impossible to accurately determine how particular compounds might exert their anticarcinogenic effects in a human subject. There is also the potential problem of synergy with mixtures of compounds from plant extracts, with one compound in a mixture enhancing the activity (and sometimes reducing) the activity of another, all of which increases the difficulties of identifying and isolating single compounds with clearly identifiable chemopreventive activity.
An Overview of the Indian Perspective on Palliative Care with Particular Reference to Nutrition and Diet
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Nanda Kishore Maroju, Vikram Kate, N. Ananthakrishnan
Among Indians residing all over the world, the lowest overall cancer incidence is among those residing in India. This is attributed to lifestyle and environmental factors. There are unique aspects of diet with a relative preponderance of vegetarianism and a high consumption of spices such as turmeric, which have anticarcinogenic properties (Rastogi et al. 2008).
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation, occurrence and potential health concerns: recent developments
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ankit Choudhary, Vikas Kumar, Satish Kumar, Ishrat Majid, Poonam Aggarwal, Sheenam Suri
Zhang et al. (2011) observed inhibitory effect of HMF (isolated from Ardisia crenata) on metastasis stage of cancer. Good results and therapeutic outcomes of HMF were seen in chemoinsensitive metastatic cancer and hormone-refractory periods (Michail et al.2007). Some anti-carcinogenic drugs targeting to DNA polymerase have been seen which improves the activity of HMF inhibiting the activity of DNA required in the cancer treatment (Li et al.2009). Another study showed that HMF was not responsible for the formation of ACF or colon cancer (Bauer-Marinovic et al.2012). A recent study depicted that HMF inhibited the growth of cells which are DNA damaged i.e. resulted in apoptosis in the use of A375 cell line through reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction pathway (Zhao et al. 2014). Thus, it is an effective anti-carcinogen.
Saikosaponin D: review on the antitumour effects, toxicity and pharmacokinetics
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Piao Zhou, Wei Shi, Xiao-Yan He, Quan-Yu Du, Fei Wang, Jing Guo
Although SSD is a natural substance with great antitumour potential, we should use it on the premise of certain understanding of its toxicity to ensure the safety of medication. Currently, the toxicological effects of SSD found in studies include hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, haemolysis and cardiotoxicity, and according to the related research results, these toxic effects are mainly mediated by cytotoxic mechanisms. It is not difficult to see that the mechanisms of the toxic and adverse effects of SSD discovered are basically the same as those of its antitumour activities. As is known to all, the use of anticarcinogen to kill cancer cells will inevitably cause damage to some normal cells. Moreover, natural chemicals derived from plants are thought to be less toxic to normal cells in organisms than chemosynthetic drugs and have greater potential safety as anticarcinogens (Li et al. 2015; Gezici and Şekeroğlu 2019).
The Association of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Reza Mohseni, Fatemeh Mohseni, Shahab Alizadeh, Soheil Abbasi
Vegetables and fruits consumption is proposed in DASH diet due to their antioxidants, fiber, vitamins, and minerals content. In a meta-analysis study, high intake of vegetables, fruits, and vegetables and fruits combined were associated with reductions in colorectal cancer risk (42). There are several potential mechanisms to explain the observed inverse association between vegetables and fruits consumption and colorectal cancer risk. First, vegetables and fruits are good sources of fiber that can prevent colorectal cancer. Secondly, vegetables and fruits are rich sources of folate, which has been associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer (43,44). Folate is necessary for synthesis of thymine and plays a key role in DNA methylation. Folate deficiency can cause misincorporation of uracil instead of thymine during DNA replication which results in increasing the number of chromosomal breaks and improper DNA methylation leads to abnormal gene expression that are known to occur in multiple types of cancer (45–48). Thirdly, fruits and vegetables are good sources anticarcinogenic agents including various vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds which may prevent cancer by the induction of detoxification enzymes and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation (49). Finally, high intake of vegetables and fruits can also decrease the risk of obesity (50,51) which is an important risk factor for colorectal cancer (52).