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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs work by killing cancer cells or interfering with tumor growth. Chemotherapy is usually considered one of the most effective cancer treatment methods; however, this type of therapy can induce severe side effects, as it can also destroy healthy cells. The adverse effects depend upon the type of cancer and the type of drugs used to treat it. Generally, the side effects are not associated with the treatment effectiveness, and once the treatment process is over, the side effects may stop. Normally, chemotherapy agents are prescribed to a patient in measured dosages and in specific intervals of time. Sometimes a combination chemotherapy is used, during which two or more drug agents are used at the same time [114].
Comparison of Healing Effect of DMSP in Green Sea Algae and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Various Inflammatory Disorders
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
For several decades, a number of chemical anticancer drugs has been developed but they prove to have serious side effects for patients at present (Rates, 2001; Tsuda et al., 2004; Truong, Hindmarsh & O’Brien, 2009). In contrast, chemoprevention for cancers of products and purified compounds originating from plants, especially herbal plants, has been found in abundant numbers (Rates, 2001; Tsuda et al., 2004; Truong, Hindmarsh & O’Brien, 2009). However, naturally occurring compound with a potent anti-cancer effect without side effects has not been detected (Rates, 2001; Tsuda et al., 2004; Truong, Hindmarsh & O’Brien, 2009). We examined the effect of DMSP in green sea algae on the most common type of cancer (carcinoma), Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (free cell cancer), and an organ cancer, liver cancer (solid cancer), with model animals.
Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
Since then, other targeting agents, including mAbs and the new tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), were then developed using recombinant technology to avoid immune rejection and directly target molecular abnormalities on certain types of cancer, instead of interfering DNA. There has been steady clinical progress with targeted therapies used alone or in combination with conventional therapies, finding new indications in many tumor types, including cancers previously considered untreatable [385]. These targeted therapies aim to further increase the anticancer drugs while reducing their toxicity. The extracellular domain of cell surface receptors plays an important role in the physiological regulation, i.e., proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial cells [386, 387]. The relevance of these receptors in the oncogenesis of epithelial cancers is significant, and hence, they are ideal targets for antibody therapies [202, 206, 388, 389]. On the other hand, the intracellular kinase domain can be targeted by small-molecule drugs.
Isoalantolactone suppresses gallbladder cancer progression via inhibiting the ERK signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xingyu Lv, Yuqi Lin, Xi Zhu, Xiujun Cai
Previous studies have shown that IAL, the root extract of Inula helenium, has the activity of inhibiting various cancers. Likewise, Kim et al. (2021) demonstrated that IAL suppressed HCC cells via the JNK signalling pathway; Li et al. (2016) suggested that IAL induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway; Lu et al. (2018) indicated that IAL induced apoptosis in human oesophageal cancer cells; Chen et al. (2018) found that IAL induced apoptosis through inhibition of STAT3 in prostate cancer cells; Weng et al. (2016) indicated that IAL induced autophagic cell death in human ovarian carcinoma cells via up-regulation of PEA-15; Khan et al. (2012) indicated that IAL inhibited pancreatic carcinoma progression. Uncontrolled growth and inhibition of apoptosis help cancer cells to grow rapidly. Therefore, anticancer drugs usually work by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. In this study, we found that IAL induced G0/G1 phase arrest and induced apoptosis through cyclinD1 and CDK4, which are key regulatory factors regulating G0/G1 transition.
TiO2 nanostructures – a double edged sword: current progress on their role in stem cells’ differentiation, cancer therapy, and their toxicity issues
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Saravanan Ramesh, Kavitha Govarthanan, Arunkumar Palaniappan
On similar line, cancer therapy also needs targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents only to the tumor region or cells. Sustained and targeted release of chemotherapeutic agents to the targeted site still holds a great challenge in the cancer management, due to which many therapeutic regimes have failed and often resulting in nonspecific bye stander effect. Poor accessibility of the chemotherapeutic agents in in vivo and the differentiation-induction agents in in vitro conditions are the major concerns to be addressed for the efficient cancer disease management and successive differentiation of stem cells, respectively. Combining the two aforementioned crucial needs such as disease management and regenerative medicine, it is imperative to develop efficient stimuli-triggered drug delivery systems with precision and improved drug release kinetics (Zahednezhad et al. 2020).
Combining the past and present to advance immuno-radiotherapy of cancer
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Ioannis M. Koukourakis, Michael I. Koukourakis
Radiotherapy is a major anti-cancer treatment modality that offers high cure rates in the early stages of the disease, either when given as a postoperative adjuvant therapy or as a radical monotherapy offering similar efficacy to surgery and, in addition, organ preservation. Since 1898, when E. Grubbe treated the first breast cancer patient with radiotherapy [1], thus after 120 years of experimental, clinical and technological developments, the cure rates achieved with radiotherapy alone or its combination with cisplatin exceed 80% in early stages of head-neck cancer, prostate and bladder cancer, or even lung tumors treated with stereotactic ablative techniques [2–5]. Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is the standard treatment for most locally advanced inoperable tumors like lung cancer, head-neck cancer and cervical cancer, providing cure rates berween 20-60% [6–8]. Proton and heavy ion irradiation is expected to further improve the radiotherapy efficacy in subgroups of tumors with increased intrinsic radioresistance or suffering from profound hypoxia, as particle irradiation produce direct lethal double-strand and cluster damage of the DNA [9].