China
Africa
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The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic and the decline of global citizenship
Published in J. Michael Ryan, COVID-19, 2020
As mentioned previously, the interdependency of the various dimensions of citizenship creates an exclusionary pattern of access to rights. Social rights – the most essential category for the analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic – are, to a great extent, conditioned on the status of the person. Depending on their status (residence, nationality, etc.), migrants are entitled to benefit from “the provision of public education, health and housing and from financial benefits such as social insurance payments in cases of unemployment, sickness, work accidents or retirement” (Martiniello et al. 2006, 70). Precarious status or the lack of citizenship status results in inadequate access to rights and eventually engenders unequal and marginalized social positions. Importantly, the combination and extent of citizenship rights and obligations vary from state to state. While some states deny all rights to a particular group or all migrants, others grant civil and social rights to migrants but may prohibit them from taking part in political decision-making. In consequence, citizenship rights, contrary to human rights, are not interpreted as “universal,” “consistent,” and “equalizing.”
Struggles for the right to health at work in Colombia: The case of associations of workers with work-related illnesses
Published in Emily E. Vasquez, Amaya Perez-Brume, Richard G. Parker, Social Inequities and Contemporary Struggles for Collective Health in Latin America, 2020
Mauricio Torres-Tovar, Jairo Ernesto Luna-García
Regarding the morbidity profile of the associates, the survey revealed a broad spectrum of pathologies related to working conditions. Associates that reported only one pathology represented 43%, while 57% reported multiple pathologies. Some even had eight work related conditions, simultaneously. The illnesses mainly involved the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, auditory and cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, some associates suffered work accidents producing burns, sprains, fractures, spinal injuries and loss of corporal segments.
Staff roles and responsibilities
Published in Annie Phillips, The Business Planning Tool Kit, 2019
If practices recruit, select and induct staff well, they avoid: absenteeismpoor timekeepingstaff turnovererrors in workaccidentsbreakagesillnesscomplaintsdiscipline/grievance proceduresdismissals.
Ranking and comparing occupational health and safety system performance indicators in hospitals by the analytic hierarchy process
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
An unsuitable working environment, lack of information and low consciousness among employees can lead to work accidents. OHS management can help to improve health conditions and decrease costs due to accidents. Determining countermeasures before an injury happens (proactive attempts) is the main aim of OHS based on many national and international guidelines. Safety culture and willingness, cooperation between employers and employees, and managers’ responsibility for building safety play an important role in the prevention of accidents. Reducing the probability of risk about health and safety and assessment of safety management attempts permanently are the responsibility of managers. Experts support having high cooperation among OHS experts, management and employees in that study, and staff think that they had a medium level of cooperation. Staff were neutral about sharing the risk assessment information, but it had the second priority by experts. Furthermore, staff think they can easily express their concerns about health and safety issue in high ranking but with a neutral mean, while taking into account the OHS concerns of employees was given last priority in the cooperation and communication main criteria.
Estimating the injury rates and causes of fatalities in the Japanese mining industry, 1924–2014
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
This article focuses on the trends of injury rates and causes of fatal accidents in the Japanese mining industry in comparison with the international experience. The key feature of a retrospective study is identifying performance measures and evaluating improvement based on these measures [6]. The mining industry remains one of the most hazardous occupations worldwide and underground coal mines are especially notorious for their high accident rates [7]. A work accident or occupational accident is an incident that occurs in the course of work. This might lead to physical or mental harm, such as injury, disease or death [8]. A fatal accident at work is an accident that leads to the death of a victim immediately or sometime after the occurrence of an accident. When an accident occurs, it causes the loss of human resources and equipment, and financial compensation from the insurance companies. Also, accidents cost money and resources for the injured, the employer and the national economy as a whole [9]. Generally, the causes of accidents involve a lack of awareness or understanding, ignorance or deliberate violations of safety rules [10]. Mine accidents and injuries are complex and generally characterized by several factors, from personal to technical, and from technical to social characteristics [11].
The Sexual Abuse and Neglect of “Left-behind” Children in Rural China
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2020
Chao Wang, Jiayi Tang, Tao Liu
In most cases, both formal and informal mechanisms constitute interactive relationships. Helmke and Levitsky (2004) divide the nexus between formal institutions and informal rules into four types: complementary, adaptive, competitive, and alternative. In some cases, the formal institutions and informal rules complement each other; in other cases, informal rules challenge formal institutions, and in yet other cases, informal rules provide functional equivalence to formal institutions, thereby partially or completely replacing the formal legal institutions. Scholars like Sun and Liu (2015, 2016) have undertaken empirical studies on the monetary compensation of the migratory workers in China in the case of work accident protection. They have proposed the concept of “ornamental institutions” to describe the informal networks, private settlements and negotiations, and extralegal behavior by clients that have weakened existing legal instruments and undermined the validity of the public law and order, turning formal legal institutions into symbolic “ornaments,” which have been widely neglected by the relevant actors and clients in their dealings.