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Why has health improved?
Published in Jim Connelly, Chris Worth, Making Sense of Public Health Medicine, 2018
‘Water is life’, so the adage goes. What happens, however, when there are threats to the supply of water? In these days of continuing serious water pollution incidents, threats of disconnection of domestic water sources and water shortages, how can we ensure that a supply is maintained and how can the public health importance of water be seen as a prime consideration?
War and conflict *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Barry S. Levy, Victor W. Sidel
Climate change can also be a contributing factor to water shortages. While some areas of the world will become wetter, especially in the tropics and in high latitudes, arid and semi-arid areas, especially in temperate zones, are likely to become drier, thereby worsening existing water shortages.
Parametric inference of the process capability index for exponentiated exponential distribution
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Mahendra Saha, Sanku Dey, Saralees Nadarajah
Although the ML method is a highly popular method for estimation, it does not always give the best estimates. Other methods including the ones we consider can give better estimates. There are many examples. Karplus et al. [29] find that moment-matching methods can fit the tails better than ML methods. Ekström [24] discusses situations where the MPS method works better than the ML method. While calibrating E-values for hidden Markov models, Pan et al. [35] show evidence to suggest that a Bayesian estimator is generally better than ML estimator. While estimating a random coefficient autoregressive model, Araveeporn [1] shows evidence to suggest that the LS method can perform better than the ML method. While predicting water shortage, Qian et al. [43] show that a maximum entropy method performs much better than ML method. While considering statistical inference for the lifetime performance index of products with Pareto distribution, Zhang and Gui [53] find that a Bayesian estimator is far better than ML estimator, and the Bayesian estimator based on informative prior has the best performance. In the simulation section later on, the MPS method is shown to give better estimates than the ML method
Optimization of nutrients removal from synthetic greywater by low-cost activated carbon: application of Taguchi method and response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sarva Mangala Praveena, Umer Rashid, Suraya Abdul Rashid
On average, a person generates from 90 L/day to 120 L/day of greywater in a house (Morel and Diener 2006). As a result of increasing urbanization rate and demand for clean water, greywater reuse option is seen as a solution to cater to water shortages, especially in urban areas. It is important to understand the greywater composition in searching for suitable greywater treatment methods for reuse options (Leonard et al.2016). Past studies have presented the physical, chemical, and microbiological greywater compositions which vary according to population density, types of detergent and soaps used, and the amount of water used (Leal et al.2007, Kulabako et al.2011, Braga and Varesche 2014, Katukiza et al.2015). Nutrient parameters, such as nitrate and phosphate, in greywater composition have been associated with eutrophication problems in aquatic environment and the changes in soil properties if untreated greywater is discharged directly to the environment (Dwumfour-Asare et al.2017).
Secrets, shame and discipline: School girls' experiences of sanitation and menstrual hygiene management in a peri-urban community in Ghana
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2019
Thilde Rheinländer, Margaret Gyapong, David Etsey Akpakli, Flemming Konradsen
This study focuses on girls who had progressed from Junior to Senior High Schools, referred to as Senior School Girls in this paper (SSGs), at the two schools located in one community of the Ningo-Prampram District– one academic and one vocational school. Both schools hosted day students as well as boarding students. The academic school is mainly attended by students from Prampram and nearby communities in walking or bus distances (up to 40 km). The vocational school is mainly attended by girls (two boys were enrolled during this study). The students can obtain degrees in fashion and dress making, hairdressing, catering, auto-mechanic, business studies and building trades. Boarding students at both schools stay at the schools for a period of 2 to 3 years. Both schools are public but seriously under-funded by the government, and were therefore also charging school fees. In times of water shortage in the area, students were asked to purchase their own drinking and bathing water.