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Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
The chemical names of the new compounds now available commercially are: allethrin, cismethrin, dimethrin, resmethrin, tetramethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and others. The toxicity data for pyrethroids are highly variable according to Lisomer ratios, the vehicle used for oral administration and the husbandry of the test animals. The single LD50 value now chosen for classification purposes is based on administration to test animals in corn oil and is much lower than that in aqueous solution. These compounds are more stable when exposed to sunlight and are less volatile than the natural product; they are equally safe in use, because their acute toxicity to mammals is generally low.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Some commercial pyrethroids are found in the following: allethrin (Pynamin), bifenthrin, bioresmethrin, cypermethrin (Ripcord), decamethrin, fenothrin, fenpropanate, fenvalerate (Belmark, Pydrin), permethrin (Ambush, Ectiban, Pounce), phthalthrin or tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin), and resmethrin (Synthrin, Chrysron).
Analyzing pesticides and metal(loid)s in imported tobacco to Saudi Arabia and risk assessment of inhalation exposure to certain metals
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Mohammed A. Al Mutairi, Hatim A. Al Herbish, Rakan S. Al-Ajmi, Hatim Z. Alhazmi, Reham A. Al-Dhelaan, Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
Only twelve of the 23 detected pesticide residues had a GRL value in CORESTA regulation; these are acetamiprid, alachlor, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, permethrin (trans), piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, and triflumuron (Table 2). All pesticide residues levels were found to be below GRL values. However, of the 23 detected pesticide residues, ten pesticides; alachlor, anthraquinone, bromopropylate, carbendazim, imidacloprid, permethrin (trans), piperonyl butoxide, tetramethrin I, thiophanate-methyl, tridimenol, were either banned or not registered by the Saudi Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA) and the European Union (EU). These pesticides were detected in all brands with the expiation of brand C.
Effects of synthetic pyrethroids on RTG-2 cells
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Begüm Yurdakök-Dikmen, Djanan Vejselova, H. Mehtap Kutlu, Ayhan Filazi, Figen Erkoç
The results from the MTT assay indicate that there are differences in terms of their relative toxicity of the tested pyrethroids on RTG-2 cell line. Least cytotoxic effect was observed for permethrin having the highest IC50 value and the highest toxic effect was recorded for cypermethrin (Table 1). The most cytotoxic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, followed by deltamethrin) were both from the Type II subclass. LDH assay results, indicator of cell damage or lysis during apoptosis and necrosis, were similar to the MTT results; however, these results were not dose dependant; therefore, the estimation of IC50 values was not possible. For permethrin, an increase in LDH leakage as 78.13 ± 12.42% (mean ± SD) at all treated doses was observed; for tetramethrin, an increase as 88.28 ± 7.49% was observed for 10 and 20 ng/mL concentrations; whereas a decrease of 12.5 ± 0.75% at 25 ng/mL was prominent. For cypermethrin, the increase in LDH was 88.02 ± 11.98%. Similar to tetramethrin, deltamethrin induced an increase of 74.48 ± 19.90%; while 25 and 12.5 ng/mL concentrations decreased at 65.63 ± 13.07 and 25.00 ± 4.98%.
Pesticide genotoxicity in cotton picking women in Pakistan evaluated using comet assay
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Tayyaba Ali, Muhammad Ismail, Farkhanda Asad, Asma Ashraf, Usman Waheed, Qaiser M. Khan
Bahawalpur is a major cotton grown area of Pakistan. The cotton crop is prone to be affected by different types of insects and hence extensively sprayed. Most of the pesticides sprayed in this area belong to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid groups. Majority of the chemicals that are sprayed are endosulfan, deltamethrin, permethrin, cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and tetramethrin. In Pakistan, cotton picking is a job predominantly performed by female workers. During this process, these female workers are exposed to pesticide dust and residues that are present on the stem, leaves, and lint of cotton plants. Working hours of these females are very long as they constantly work in the field for 5–9 h per day for a period of 3–5 months. These females pick cotton with bare hands and collect it in a sac that is tied at their back. They also do not use any type of face masks, gloves or any other PPE while working in the field.