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Deaths Due to Asphyxiant Gases
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Occupational exposure is more often potentially life threatening to the workers who are engaged in cleaning of sewers or concerned factories. Most cases of poisoning are accidental in nature but rarely can be intentional.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
David Towey, Lisa Rowley, Debbie Peet
The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations (EPR 2016) cover the management of radioactive sources and waste. Organisations require permits to hold radioactive sources and need to appoint a Radioactive Waste Adviser (RWA) to ensure control over radioactive waste, usually a senior Clinical Scientist in Nuclear Medicine or Radiation Safety. Permits issued are radionuclide specific, site specific, and limit activity and require detailed records to be kept regarding radioactive sources and their disposal. Scientists are often responsible for record-keeping systems, developing or using commercially available spreadsheets and databases to ensure that records are accurate and up to date. Many radionuclides are excreted and discharged to the public sewers. Scientists work together to ensure the latest scientific evidence is used to apportion an appropriate amount form each organisation to the drain. The IPEM produces regular reports on excretion factors (IPEM 2018), which are reviewed by the government.
Vegetables
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
In this context, the grand discovery was the apartment complex Insula Occidentalis II, built during the reign of Emperor Augustus (63 BCE–14 CE) or Claudius (10 BCE–54 CE). Its two stories accommodated living quarters on the second floor and a bakery, a room that might have been a hotel or store, and a dye shop on the first. Both floors had several latrines whose shafts descended to a sewer roughly 80 meters (87.5 yards or 262.5 feet) below ground.48 Absent running water, the sewer aggregated rather than removed wastes, preserving excrement and, to a lesser extent, urine. Because latrines were in or near a kitchen, they also accumulated debris from food preparation, including butchered bones. The uncertain date of construction leaves unknown how many years’ deposits were in the sewer. British archaeologist Mark Robinson and Oxford University graduate student Erica Rowan supposed that workers emptied the sewer roughly every 20 years, but this too is unknown.49 The important point is that the sewer had wastes when Vesuvius erupted, preserving them for identification and quantification. Chapter 1 described middens and coprolites’ value in understanding and evaluating diets, nutrition, and health. As noted, this sewer was valuable because it had both trash and human wastes, an archaeological rarity.
Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
The history of clean water and improved sewage removal systems in the United States directly parallels an increase in the country’s PC rate. In the 19th century, most cities in the US used a combined sewer system, which used a single conduit to transport stormwater and other household and industrial wastewater into the nearest waterway. Combined sewer systems often created water pollution problems by causing contamination of drinking and bathing water supplies. In 1905, 95% of the country’s urban population discharged their wastewater untreated to waterways. Little changed over the first quarter of the 20th century, and in 1924 more than 88% of the population in cities of over 100,000 continued to dispose of their wastewater directly to waterways. After the first quarter of the 20th century, wastewater treatment became more popular. In the late 1930s, municipalities were replacing their combined sewer system infrastructure with new separate sewer systems. Separate sewer systems, still in use in American cities today, do not allow human waste to combine with rainwater. Rather, the wastewater is transported to treatment facilities before reuse. The federal government’s Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 and further amendments to this act through 1965 provided for protection of water quality and improved clean water standards. Additional federal legislation in the 1970s set a goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and invested billions of dollars into research and construction grants.29
Identification of Leptospira spp. from environmental sources in areas with high human leptospirosis incidence in the Philippines
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Marjo V. Mendoza, Windell L. Rivera
In humans, leptospirosis can cause chronic or acute infection with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe form. The latter may progress rapidly with fatal outcomes [9–11]. Since transmission occurs commonly through direct or indirect contact with contaminated soil or water, urine, and animal carcasses infected with Leptospira [12], exposure to unsanitary living conditions and flood increases the risk of having leptospirosis [1]. Occupational exposure also increases the likelihood of infection. People at risk include those who work in sewers, garbage collection, agricultural fields, and abattoir where there is a high possibility of contact with contaminated environment [10,13]. The incidence of such infections, however, still depends on several factors such as the presence of host reservoir species (rats, horses, pigs, cattle, dogs, bats, and even frogs) [14–16], the bacteria carrying load of its host, the environmental dilution once it is shed by its animal carrier, and the ecological conditions which favor the growth and survival of Leptospira [13,17]. Such factors have been investigated extensively; nevertheless, molecular evidence showing direct transmission of Leptospira from the environment to humans still remains lacking particularly in the Philippines.
Polystyrene microplastic particles induced hepatotoxic injury via pyroptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrotic changes in adult male albino rats; the therapeutic role of silymarin
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Arwa A. Elsheikh, Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser, Amany Mohamed Shalaby, Mohamed Ali Alabiad, Noha Ali Abd-Almotaleb, Mohammed Alorini, Fatima A. Jaber, Eman El-Sayed Khayal
Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a diameter <5 mm; primary MPs are ingredients intentionally manufactured from soaps (Bergmann et al. 2019), toothpaste (Sharma and Chatterjee 2017), scrubs, cleaners (Fendall and Sewell 2009), and biomedical products (Shi et al. 2009). Secondary MPs are generated from mechanical abrasion, biological degradation (Andrady 2011), fragmentation of larger plastic pieces by ultraviolet radiation and physical forces (Gewert et al. 2015), or sewage treatment plants. These particles travel through rivers, soil, and oceans through sewers (Peng et al. 2020).