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Developments in Environmental Sanitation, Water Supply, and Changes in the Habitat, as a Means of Controlling the Transmission of Bilharzia
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Since the transmission of bilharzia depends upon the insanitary habits of man, the provision of adequate latrines should, in theory, stall the cycle of transmission, but in fact there is still little if any direct evidence to support this. Young children contaminate surface water long before they have any knowledge of hygiene, and the transmission of the disease is inevitable if snail-infested rivers offer the only source of water to nearby communities. Effective latrines cannot in themselves lure people away from rivers, and as Macdonald1 has stated, even a very successful latrine program, when judged in terms of reduced contaminants reaching the water, may not in itself be sufficient to stop transmission. However, effective latrines do certainly reduce the degree of contamination of the ground and water, even if this is not sufficient to stop transmission, which is bound to continue until acceptable alternative sources of water are made available close to where people live, so that they are frequently used, thus making habitual contact with surface water infected with bilharzia unnecessary.
Post-disaster response and recovery to meet health needs of older people: I
Published in Emily Ying Yang Chan, Disaster Public Health and Older People, 2019
Effective hygiene promotion is one of the public health tools for reducing the incidence of water-related diseases. It covers a wide range of activities that aim to reduce health risks and disease transmission through good hygiene practices, such as hand-washing, water boiling and proper latrine-use. In an emergency, the provision of sanitation facilities is essential for containing excreta and human waste. A simple pit latrine structure is the simplest type of emergency latrine that can be built speedily awaiting the installation of communal toilets. If water is available, preferable sanitation facilities such as trench latrines might be constructed. While it depends on ground capacity in the emergency context, the basic principle when building these latrines is to design and place the latrines at least 15 metres away from the groundwater sources and the bottom of the latrine at least 1.5 metres above the water table (Sphere, 2011). Communal latrines should be constructed as soon as possible.
Types of excreta disposal system
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
Only limited benefits will be achieved from well-designed, well-constructed and well-maintained latrines unless people wash their hands after using them, particularly where water is used for anal cleansing. Provision for handwashing with soap should be an integral part of any sanitation programme, including a simple clay water pot or a Happy Tap (Figure 4.7) if piped water is not available at a wash basin near the latrine. The handwashing facility should be accessible to children. In those parts of the world where sand is often used for washing, allowances should be made for the possibility of this filling up pits or septic tanks prematurely. Similar efforts are needed to ensure that young children’s stools are hygienically disposed of (Miller-Petrie et al. 2016).
Depression, anxiety and stress among caregivers of adolescents with cerebral palsy in rural Bangladesh
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Rosalie Power, Mohammad Muhit, Eamin Heanoy, Tasneem Karim, Claire Galea, Nadia Badawi, Gulam Khandaker
The sociodemographic information of caregivers of adolescents with CP was extracted from BCPR; for caregivers of adolescents without disability this information was recorded via a brief survey. Sociodemographic information included caregiver and adolescent age, sex, education level and characteristics of the home environment. Type of housing was defined as Kutcha (houses made from mud, thatch or other organic materials, considered impermanent); semi-pucca housing (made with a combination of materials, considered semi-permanent); and pucca (made from brick, stone, timber or cement, considered permanent). Household crowding was calculated as the number of household members divided by the number of rooms per house. Non-sanitary latrine was defined as a latrine that discharges into open space.
Prevalence of trachoma in 13 Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Murtala M. Umar, Caleb Mpyet, Nasiru Muhammad, Mohammed D. Adamu, Habila Muazu, Uwazoeke Onyebuchi, Adamani William, Sunday Isiyaku, Rebecca M. Flueckiger, Brian K. Chu, Rebecca Willis, Alexandre L. Pavluck, Nicholas Olobio, Ebenezer Apake, Francisca Olamiju, Anthony W. Solomon
The WHO simplified grading scheme was used to grade trachoma.19 Households were defined as individuals living in the same compound and eating from the same cooking pot. In concordance with conventions of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), an improved water source was defined as a source of water that was constructed in such a way as to protect it from external contamination, particularly with faecal matter. An improved latrine was defined as any latrine that by virtue of its construction hygienically separated human excreta from human contact. We did not examine the eyes with trichiasis for evidence of scarring: WHO guidance to do so (in order to distinguish between trachomatous and non-trachomatous trichiasis) was not produced20 until after this series of surveys was completed. We therefore refer to estimated prevalences of trichiasis, rather than of TT, in this paper.
Prevalence of Trachoma in Senegal: Results of Baseline Surveys in 17 Districts
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2018
Boubacar Sarr, Mactar Sissoko, Mawo Fall, Lionel Nizigama, Daniel Cohn, Rebecca Willis, Brian Fuller, Maggie O’Neil, Anthony W Solomon
Household-level access to improved water source for face washing ranged by district from 16.6% to 87.0% (Table 2). “Improved” sources of water included piped water into dwelling; piped water to yard/plot; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; and rainwater.17,23 Respondents from nearly half the households (47.5%) reported using an unprotected dug well as the main source of water for washing faces. Household-level access to improved latrines ranged by district from 7.3% to 93.1% (Table 2). “Improved” sanitation included flush toilet; piped sewer system; septic tank; flush/pour flush to pit latrine; ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP); pit latrine with slab; composting toilet; and flush/pour flush to unknown place.17,23 67.0% of respondents reported having a round trip to collect water of less than 30 minutes (Table 2). It should be noted that within a given household, responses about availability and use of latrines could be provided by several different respondents.