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Basics of Radiation Interactions in Matter
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
The purpose of this text is to provide a basis for understanding the role of interactions in radiation dosimetry, radiation shielding, radiation protection, and radiation detection, and to provide further information on the ionizing radiation that occurs when the primary emitted radiation – for example, that emitted from a decaying radionuclide or its daughter products – interacts with its surrounding material.
Kilovoltage X-Ray Units
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Kilovoltage units marketed for electronic brachytherapy have general characteristics designed to mimic those of an ideal brachytherapy source, but with additional advantages: Short x-ray source-to-treatment-surface distance leading to a rapid fall of dose with depth beneath the treatment surface; Use of low-kilovoltage x-rays with energy typically around 50 kVp. This minimises radiation shielding requirements and simplifies protection procedures;Compact source size, allowing introduction inside body cavities and lumen;No radiation contamination risk when the equipment is switched off;No source decay over time;Portability, allowing treatment outside radiotherapy departments.
Dosimetric Considerations with Flattening Filter-Free Beams
Published in Arash Darafsheh, Radiation Therapy Dosimetry: A Practical Handbook, 2021
Jessica Lye, Stephen F. Kry, Joerg Lehmann
Neutron contamination is a concern for patient safety and radiation shielding when beam energies >10 MV are employed. Most commercial implementations of FFF beams are 10 MV or less, so neutron contamination is often not an issue. However, there are some FFF beams with energy >10 MV in clinical operation (e.g., Siemens units [1]). For high energy FFF beams, neutron production has been found to be dramatically reduced as compared to flattened beams [34–36]. This occurs because the photon treatment is delivered more efficiently so the neutron production is reduced (fewer photons are generated for the treatment which create correspondingly fewer neutrons) and also because removing the flattening filter removes a direct source of neutrons. These benefits will be offset if the energy of the FFF beam is raised to restore the PDD as neutrons are produced primarily by the high-energy component of the photon spectrum [37].
Evaluating the physical, psychosocial and ergonomic burden of lead aprons among Jordanian interventionists: a nationwide study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Hanna Al-Makhamreh, Farah Al-bitar, Aseel Saadeh, Abdallah Al-Ani, Muayad Azzam, Dana Alkhulaifat, Asim Khanfar, Yousef Toubah, Lujain Aburaddad, Kamal Hassan, Hashim Al-Ani
Although lead aprons are of vital importance in radiation shielding, the present literature indicates that they are frequently associated with higher rates of injury. In fact, higher apron-related total caseloads are strongly associated with orthopedic disease [2,8,17]. Moore et al. [9] demonstrated that frequent apron users and long-term apron users report more back pain and severe limiting back pain in comparison with less frequent users. Multiple reports support the aforementioned statement, as prolonged apron usage is associated with increased forefoot load in the elderly, increased thoracic kyphosis in the young and contributes to indiscriminate body aches [5,18]. It has been demonstrated through infrared thermography that apron strain affects axial posture and results in accelerated muscle fatigue, which could affect performance and introduce vital operative errors [19]. In addition to increased frequency of apron use and duration of procedures, MSK injuries are frequently associated with the female gender, older age, poor ergonomic practices and lack of physical fitness throughout the literature [7,12,17,20,21]. On the other hand, interventionists and surgeons have been shown to report significantly less back pain on days devoid of apron usage [18]. The variable specifications of aprons in terms of age, size and shape, in addition to their improper usage, could contribute to an increased likelihood of MSK injuries.
Shields and garb for decreasing radiation exposure in the cath lab
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Aris Karatasakis, Emmanouil S. Brilakis
Traditional lead aprons put significant strain on the musculoskeletal system which can result in injury and disability; new technologies are being developed to alleviate this problem, including weightless radiation protection systems and robotic interventional cardiology. Previously underrecognized hazards, such as the development of radiation-associated cataract, are being increasingly studied and effective methods to prevent them (such as ergonomic radiation protection eyewear) are being developed. While not strictly part of radiation shielding or garbs, the development and refinement of radiation tracking and awareness equipment and software, including real time radiation monitoring, will play a crucial role in promoting adjustments in operator and staff behavior with respect to radiation protection. As the array of procedures undertaken in the catheterization laboratory broadens, e.g. with structural interventional cardiology, additional research is needed to establish optimal protection guidelines for new procedures and any additional staff involved.
Effects of mobile phone radiation on buccal mucosal cells: A systematic review
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
M. P Revanth, S Aparna, Parangimalai Diwakar Madankumar
Precautions to minimize hazards, which may help alleviate health problems: Avoid extended calls by wireless phone and if necessary, placing more distance between the body and the mobile phone.Avoid late-night smartphone use for better sleep quality and to avoid blue light.Use the speaker or headset and put the wireless phone away from the user’s body.During sleep, keep smartphones in “airplane mode” or deactivate mobile data, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and disconnect the power supply to Wi-Fi routers.While sleeping, avoid magnetic sources in the bedroom or in the adjacent room as magnetic fields can pass through walls.Select the mobile phone with lower specific absorption rate (SAR) values printed on their batteries or searching for it on their websites.Avoid using the mobile if has a weak signal or when moving at high speed (for each bar lost in the signal strength the smartphone will raise its power by 1000% to endure the connection).Regular assessment for early detection of biological hazards and their progression.Using anti-radiation shielding technology that can block over 99% of RF radiation.