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Water Quality and the Impact on Human Health and the Environment: The Current International and EU Regulatory Framework
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
More specifically, action to prevent, control, or reduce water-related disease shall not be postponed on the grounds that scientific research has not fully proven a causal link between the factor at which such action is aimed on the one hand, and the potential contribution of that factor to the prevalence of water-related diseases and/or transboundary effects on the other hand; the costs of pollution prevention, control, and reduction shall be borne by the polluter; finally, the public shall have the opportunity to express its concerns, and public authorities shall take due account of such concerns through appropriate access to judicial and administrative reviews of the relevant decisions.
A Greening but Unequal City
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
We then used the Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI v2.3.5) model from the EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) to simulate inhalation exposures and characterize the relative risk of the air pollution from these facilities (www.epa.gov/rsei). The RSEI model starts with facilities that are required to report annually to the TRI the chemicals they release and the amounts. The release volumes become inputs into a steady-state Gaussian plume model that simulates downwind pollutant concentrations from a stack or fugitive air source. Then, a surrogate inhalation dose is estimated for neighboring census populations, and an indicator value is produced that can be used to rank relative impacts by geography, industry, and facility (Schmidt 2003).
Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The EPA’s mandate is guided by federal laws protecting human health and the environment. It oversees natural resources, human health, economic growth, energy, transportation, agriculture, industry, and international trade in establishing environmental policy. The EPA provides leadership in environmental science, research, education, and assessment efforts, and works closely with other federal agencies, state and local governments, and Indian tribes to develop and enforce regulations. The EPA sets national standards and delegates responsibility to states and tribes for issuing permits, enforcing compliance, and issuing sanctions. It monitors and enforces a variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts, particularly with industrial concerns.
A critical review of the 2020 EPA risk assessment for chrysotile and its many shortcomings
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Dennis Paustenbach, David Brew, Sabina Ligas, Jonathan Heywood
In March 2020, the Draft Risk Evaluation for Asbestos (DRE) was issued by the EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP) and Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) (EPA 2020a). In the 310-page report, the EPA assembled, reviewed, and evaluated numerous published and unpublished studies, datasets, and risks for various conditions of use (COUs) for chrysotile asbestos. The EPA reviewed 32 COUs, including the “… use of diaphragms in the chlor-alkali industry, sheet gaskets in chemical production facilities, oilfield brake blocks, aftermarket automotive brakes/linings, other vehicle friction products, and other gaskets” (EPA 2020a). The Agency reportedly used “reasonably” available information to develop a risk evaluation report for chrysotile asbestos that relied on the “best” available science and was based on the weight of the “scientific evidence.” One of the key aspects of this regulatory activity is that the EPA only has responsibility to discuss current and future hazards, not past hazards. Therefore, for regulatory action to be appropriate, the products must be currently sold in the United States, presumably in some appreciable quantity.
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
In Europe, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council is the main instrument regulating pollutant emissions from industrial installations. This Directive replaces seven previously existing directives among which the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (2008/1/EC), the Waste Incineration (2000/76/EC) and the Large Combustion Plants (2001/80/EC) Directive. Plants are required to operate in accordance with a permit including emission limit values based on Best Available Techniques, and addressing the whole environmental performance of the plant, that is pollutant emissions, generation of waste, use of raw materials, energy efficiency, noise, prevention of accidents, and restoration of the site upon closure. Moreover, environmental inspections on site are required at least every 1 to 3 years, and the public has a right to participate in the decision-making process, and to be informed of its consequences (European Commission 2010).
Regional source apportionment of PM2.5 in Seoul using Bayesian multivariate receptor model
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Spatial profile of Source 3 shows high proportions in ‘Guro’, ‘Yeongdeungpo’, ‘Dobong’ and ‘Jungnang’ which are light industrial regions in Seoul. It may be necessary to monitor factories in these regions for compliance with air pollution prevention policies.