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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
In the 1950s and 1960s, by far the most common degreasing solutions were trichlo-roethylene and perchloroethylene. Methyl chloroform, trichloroethane, and ethylene dichloride were also used. Only very recently, with the rising suspicion of trichloroe-thylene and perchloroethylene as human carcinogens, have attempts been made to replace these solvents with other organic solvents thought to be less harmful.
Hepatotoxic and Hepatocarcinogenic Effects of Chlorinated Ethylenes*
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Jeffrey L. Larson, Richard J. Bull
The chlorinated ethylenes enjoy a wide variety of uses in industry. Vinyl chloride (VC) was used sporadically in industry from the 1930s to the 1950s, but is now widely used since in the manufacture of its polymer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the most used plastic industrial material in the world. VC is also used as a copolymer in the manufacture of food wrappings and plastics (Maltoni and Lefemine, 1974). Vinylidene chloride (VDC) is used extensively as a monomeric intermediate in the production of plastics as well (McKenna et al., 1977). The trans-isomer of dichloroethylene (t-DCE) is a universal solvent more widely used in industrial operations than the cis-isomer (c-DCE). Trichloroethylene (TCE) was once used extensively as an anesthetic and food extractant. TCE is now widely favored as an industrial solvent because of its nonflammability (Stewart et al., 1974). Perchloroethylene (PCE) is also used widely in industry as a general degreasant and as a solvent in the dry-cleaning industry. As a consequence of a lower vapor pressure, PCE is often favored for industrial applications over TCE.
Evaluating Toxic Tort Cases
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
William P. Gavin, Mark A. Love, Wendie A. Howland
Solvents have been associated with the risk of developing systemic sclerosis.22 The solvents implicated include tri-chloroethylene (TCE), tetra-chloroethylene (perchloroethylene), other chlorinated solvents, and white spirits (mineral spirits). Other organic chemicals including vinyl chloride, toluene, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons have been associated with scleroderma (Marie et al., 2014). Studies have also considered welding fumes (Diot et al., 2002; Magnant et al., 2005), diesel exhaust nanoparticles (Mastrofrancesco et al., 2014), and air pollution as potential occupational exposures associated with scleroderma (Farhat et al., 2011).
Genotoxicity of nedaplatin in cultured lymphocytes: modulation by vitamin E
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Muntaha S. Al-Khdour, Omar F. Khabour, Laith N. Al-Eitan, Karem H. Alzoubi
The results also reported the ability of nedaplatin to cause cytotoxicity to cultured human lymphocytes as shown by the significant reduction in the MI of nedaplatin-treated cultures compared to control ones. A positive correlation between the cytotoxic index and nedaplatin administrated alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents was reported in vitro in human cancer cells (El-Shafie et al.2020, Kong et al.2021). The results also showed that Vit E does not affect nedaplatin induced cytotoxicity. This is in agreement with a previous study that reported the ability of Vit E to ameliorate genotoxicity of perchloroethylene in cultured human lymphocytes without affecting the drug cytotoxicity (Kocaman and Asfuroğlu 2021). Thus, different mechanisms might be utilized by nedaplatin to mediate its toxic effects in cultured human lymphocytes.
Risk assessment of components in tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols: a pragmatic choice of dose metrics
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Peter M. J. Bos, Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández, Reinskje Talhout
Averaging exposure is based on the concept of total dose, i.e. on Haber’s law and holds that a given calculated product of exposure concentration and time will always yield the same biological response. Although this concept was originally based on acute inhalation exposures to war gasses (Haber 1924), it nowadays is applied as a basic toxicological law with a general applicability. However, the use of Haber’s law has introduced confusion in the use of concentration and dose in inhalation exposures (Atherley 1985) because it neglects the importance of dose rate on toxicity outcomes. Over the past decades, the importance to include appropriate temporal determinants in the interpretation of toxicity outcomes and in the choice of dose metric regularly has been stressed and the generality of Haber’s law has seriously been questioned (Atherley 1985; Jarabek 1995; Gaylor 2000; Bunce and Remillard 2003; Belkebir et al. 2011; Felter et al. 2011; Kuempel et al. 2015; Connell et al. 2016). For instance, Jarabek (1995) stressed the importance of considering temporal determinants in risk assessment by showing that the impact of temporal determinants on a chemical’s kinetics may vary per chemical. It was shown by modeling that the exposure concentration was the determinant factor for the biotransformation rate of dichloromethane whereas for perchloroethylene, exposure duration appeared to be the more dominant factor.
Airborne pollutants as potential triggers of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a narrative review
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Hannelore Celen, Anne-Cathérine Dens, Steven Ronsmans, Stijn Michiels, Ellen De Langhe
The interaction between solvents and other SARDs is less explored. Exposure to trichloroethylene and tasks involving solvent exposure have been linked to the development of SLE [34,35]. A French case–control study found significant associations between pSS and dichloromethane, perchloroethylene chlorinated solvents, benzene, toluene, white spirit, aromatic solvents and any types of solvents too [36]. A recently published Korean cohort study also revealed an increased risk of RA in toluene-exposed workers [37]. The association between solvent exposure and PM, DM, MCTD and UCTD has not been investigated.