China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanoparticles of Marine Origin and Their Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh Sedaghat, Morteza Yousefzadi, Reza Sheikhakbari-Mehr
Water pollution with organic pollutants has significantly increased as a result of the expansion of urban, agricultural, industrial, and manmade activities. Organic pollutants are comprised of broad groups of chemical pollutants mainly made up of carbon and hydrogen with smaller amounts of other atoms such as halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. Xenobiotics like pesticides, insecticides, synthetic dyes, pharmaceuticals, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and phenols are typical organic pollutants [Gautam et al., 2019].
The Contribution of International Organizations to Food Security and Safety through a Healthy Environment
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
As to relevant international binding rules, international conventions have been concluded on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,5 on Persistent Organic Pollutants,6 on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade,7 but, until now, there has not been a specific convention dealing with the environment, health protection and food safety all together. As a rule, international conventions tend to include provisions on individual problems.
Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
Biomarker-based studies may be difficult to interpret, and care in interpretation is warranted. For a long time, measurements of many persistent organic pollutants in human serum have been normalized to serum lipid concentrations. Hence, these lipid-adjusted measurements would be reported on as “pg/g lipid” or similar. Blood lipid concentrations may be measured gravimetrically or estimated with various formulae, with considerable variation between these methods.129,130 The issue of reverse causation may also confound any observed associations with adverse health effects.
Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene in the petrochemical industry using the US Environmental Protection Agency method
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahid Ahmadi-Moshiran, Ali Asghar Sajedian, Ahmad Soltanzadeh, Fatemeh Seifi, Rozhin Koobasi, Neda Nikbakht, Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
In recent years, following the growth of industries, the reduction of workplace air quality due to chemicals in the air has been evident. Petrochemical and refining plants are among the industries exposed to work-related organic pollutants due to their operation [1]. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the leading causes of air pollution, and due to their high evaporation rate and rapid dispersion in the environment, many people are exposed. Consequently, there are irreversible effects on health in various jobs [2,3]. These compounds also enhance atmospheric oxidation and adversely influence respiratory air quality. The diverse effects of these organic compounds include irritation and the creation of various types of occupational cancers [3–6]. Materials released from the refineries and petrochemicals are mainly composed of a mixture of toxic chemicals such as VOCs (e.g., 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, styrene) [3].
Characterization of diphenyl phthalate as an agonist for estrogen receptor: an in vitro and in silico study
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Chengyu Lv, Zhengyi Wei, Benjie Yue, Ning Xia, Wei Huang, Yulan Yue, Zhuolin Li, Tiezhu Li, Xiuxia Zhang, Yongjun Wang
Phthalate esters (PAEs) can be used to improve the flexibility, processability and longevity of plastic products. However, PAEs have become global organic pollutants to the environment for their wide application in food packing materials, cosmetics, toys, building materials, medical tubing, blood bags and other products (Wormuth et al. 2006; Martino Andrade and Chahoud 2010; Kim et al. 2020). Phthalates are synthesized by the reaction of phthalic anhydride with alcohols of different chain lengths (C1 to C13) (Gardner et al. 2016). Phthalates are not covalent with polymer chains, since they can easily migrate to fatty food (Sharman et al. 1994), water, indoor air (Preece et al. 2021), indoor dust (Rudel et al. 2003), soil and other environmental media during production and application. Some research suggested that phthalates and their metabolites have been detected in human biological samples (Silva et al. 2005; Valvi et al. 2015), which may enter the human body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and skin (Latini 2005; Bao et al. 2015). Naturally, the concerning safety issues have attracted much attention.
A contemporary review of electronic waste through the lens of inhalation toxicology
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Oyemwenosa N. Avenbuan, Gabriella Y. Meltzer, Christina Awada, Amna Raja, Andrij Holian, Judith T. Zelikoff
Within electrical and electronic equipment, PCBs are used in dielectric fluids, lubricants, and coolants in older transformers, capacitors, and generators (Moeckel et al. 2020). As a result of how e-waste is processed, combined with its unprotected and uncoordinated disposal, release of PCBs into the air and soil continues to be of significant concern. Studies conducted at Indian, Chinese, Nigerian, and Ghanaian e-waste sites reported significant concentrations of PCBs in the air, dust, soil vegetation, and blood of workers and residents living near the sites (Akortia et al. 2017; Chakraborty et al. 2018; Hogarh et al. 2018; Adetunde et al. 2020). These findings indicate that exposure to PCBs, persistent organic pollutants that in many cases can bring about ‘dioxin-like’ toxicity, is potentially harmful to e-waste workers and their families living in close vicinity to e-waste disposal sites.