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Pedestrian Injuries in Cities
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Marie-Soleil Cloutier, Andrew Howard
A traditional construct for considering the potential to reduce the burden of injury is the Haddon matrix (Haddon 1968). Haddon divided the opportunities for prevention into three time periods—pre-crash, during the crash and after the crash. He also considered the three components of a crash—the host (i.e. the injured victim), the agent (i.e. the striking vehicle) and the environment in which they interact (including the physical road environment, but also the regulatory, social, legal and health care environment). Combining three time periods with three components yields a nine-cell matrix. An example, regarding a child pedestrian crash, is given in Table 24.2. This example of a Haddon matrix lists some interventions that can prevent child pedestrian injuries and deaths. Interventions are organized according to whether they influence the host, agent or environment in which the crash occurs, as well as according to when they occur—before, during or after the crash.
Trauma Systems
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Matthew O. Dolich, Kenji Inaba, Acute Care Surgery and Trauma, 2016
S. Morad Hameed, Richard K. Simons
When considered carefully, most injuries can be found to result from a combination of potentially modifiable personal, mechanical, and environmental risk factors. An understanding of the elements of this combination of risks is fundamental to the development of effective countermeasures that reduce risk and prevent injury. In 1970, William Haddon developed an elegant framework to deconstruct the complex determinants of injury. The Haddon Matrix considers three phases of injury: pre-event (which is a focus for primary prevention efforts), event (a focus for secondary prevention efforts), and post-event (a focus for tertiary prevention efforts). Within each phase, the risk or impact of injury is determined by the interplay of four types of factors: host factors (individual characteristics or behaviors that increase susceptibility to injury), agent factors (characteristics of the objects or vectors that inflict energy transfer and injury), physical environment factors (characteristics of the built environment that may predispose populations to injury), and social environment factors (the social, economic, and political milieu that influence the risk of injury) [14]. Haddon’s phase-factor matrix has become the basis for thought and action in modern injury prevention.
Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Suicide: the Right Idea at the Right Time
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
James C. West, Adam Walsh, Joshua C. Morganstein
Because suicide is a traumatic event that unfolds over time, a public health framework is useful to consider the application of just-in-time interventions proposed by Coppersmith and colleagues. We propose the application of a modified Haddon Matrix to conceptualize suicide risk factors. The Haddon Matrix (Haddon, 1980) is a conceptual framework used to identify public health targets of change in the context of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. The matrix was originally developed as a risk management tool for identifying factors that influence the outcome of traffic accidents. Within the Haddon Matrix, the rows correspond to the temporal phases of an adverse public health event, specifically the pre-event, event, and post-event time points. In the case of suicide, we separate post-event factors between survivors and those who die by suicide. The columns correspond to the public health-related factors that influence the outcome of the event, defined as host, agent, physical environment, and social environment. In the application of the modified matrix in suicide, host represents characteristics of the person at risk of suicide. Agent refers to factors that contribute to the cause and severity of the event, in this case, the method of suicide. Physical environment captures attributes of the setting where the event takes place. Social environment describes the cultural, social, political, and legal norms of the community. Table 1 illustrates our application of the Haddon Matrix to the public health targets of change relevant to suicide.
Applying the Haddon Matrix to evaluate sexual assault interventions on college campuses
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Patricia Mahoney, Andrea C. Gielen, Maryanne M. Bailey, Colby Gabel
There are unique challenges in applying the Haddon Matrix to intentional injury, most notably in conceptualizing the “vehicle” (to use Haddon Matrix terminology). The perpetrator was considered as the vehicle and agent – the actor whose intentional actions cause injury to a host. Yet while all cars have the potential to injure someone under certain circumstances (eg wet road, poor brakes, oncoming vehicle), all people are not potential perpetrators (nor are all men). There is currently no way to precisely identify a perpetrator prior to an actual assault; however, there is available research evidence to identify high-risk groups, based on attitudes, beliefs, and past sexually assaultive behaviors.32 Given that this small group of people are responsible for multiple sexual assaults over their lifetimes, effective interventions for high-risk groups hold the promise of greatly reducing the incidence of sexual assault.
A meta-analysis study of worldwide prevalence of mortality in cocaine-consuming motorcyclists
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Mohammad Hajijafari, Hossein Akbari, Fatemeh Sadat Asgarian
Among all road users, motorcyclists have the highest risk of death and injury.1 Based on this, the causes of 65% of motorcyclists' road accidents are human factors and 35% are adverse environmental conditions.2 Based on the Haddon Matrix (a tool that is a combination of the epidemiological triangle including human, vehicle, and environment and prevention levels),3 human factors affecting traffic accidents are youth, low socioeconomic status, history of driving violation, risk behavior, vehicle ownership, high and low speed while driving, stress, confusion, fatigue, driver experience, age, alcohol and drug use.4,5