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Environmental Toxins
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Environmental toxins are ubiquitous and cannot be totally avoided. Individuals may be exposed to environmental toxins both inside their homes (lead and radon) and outside of their homes (ground level ozone and particulate matter). Exposures to environmental toxins may be minimized if people are educated on how toxins affect human health and ways to limit contact with environmental hazards. Nurses can apply their knowledge to communicate the risks of exposure to environmental toxins and engage with communities to improve and protect health.
CBRN and the Trauma Victim
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The main hazard groups may be classed as: Chemical (described in more detail later)Biological, including biological warfare agents, endemic and emerging diseasesRadiological, used to describe any non-nuclear hazards causing ionizing radiationNuclear, including nuclear weapons Conventional trauma, including blast injury, may coexist with a CBRN hazard which might, for example, be due to a transportation accident or industrial cause. Environmental hazards, including heat and cold, may complicate incidents involving hazardous materials.
Education and Training for Radiation Protection in Nuclear Power Plants
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
The biological effects of radiation are what health physics is all about. The phenomena have been studied extensively and by 1960 the National Academy of Sciences had declared radiation the best understood environmental hazard.46 It is a difficult subject, however, because the principal interest is in doses and dose rates far below those at which actual ill effects can be observed in humans. Therefore it is imperative that a health physicist’s education include a good course in radiation biology. Casarett’s textbook47 has become the de facto standard for introducing health physicists to radiobiology.47 Sanders and Kathren,48however, is more nearly current and concentrates on carcinogenesis which is the main concern. The NRC “models” report probably offers the most understandable presentations of the calculational models used while offering little biological background information.27,28 It is important that students also be introduced to the work on hormesis,49 the National Academy of Sciences reports,50,51 and the UNSCEAR reports.52
Latent trait models for perceived risk assessment using a Covid-19 data survey
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
S. Bacci, R. Fabbricatore, Maria Iannario
In the first section of the questionnaire, participants were asked to judge both the personal and social riskiness of Covid-19 and other 13 hazards (listed in Table 2) on a 10-point Likert response scale, from 1 = not at all risky to 10 = very risky. As shown in Table 2, the hazards we considered belong to the health, environmental, behavioral, and technological domains. The goal in selecting these hazards was to provide an appropriate context to understand the Covid-19 perceived risk. The selection criteria included prevalence, popularity, and importance of the hazards. For example, diseases of the circulatory system and cancer represent the main causes of death in Italy, as well as the prevalence of diabetes has almost doubled in 30 years (https://www.istat.it/en/https://www.istat.it/en/). Another example regards environmental hazards such as climate change, which have increasingly worried experts worldwide and also in Italy [70].
Potential application of mass spectrometry imaging in pharmacokinetic studies
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo, Omozojie P. Aigbogun
Several molecular imaging platforms that can be used to visualise and quantify drugs at disease target tissues are available, but each has its disadvantages as previously described (Willmann et al. 2008). Optical imaging has limited clinical translation, low depth of penetration, and the probes utilised (e.g. fluorescent probe) could affect the drug PK profile. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is costly and has a high imaging time while imaging using ultrasound technique is limited to the vasculature. Other sophisticated imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography and single-photon-emission computed tomography are limited by the high cost and low spatial resolution (Nwabufo and Aigbogun 2022). On the other hand, computed tomography lacks target specificity and has low soft-tissue contrast. Similarly, autoradiography is costly, has a long imaging time, and suffers from specificity issues due to challenges with distinguishing the radioactivity coming from parent compound and their associated degradation products or metabolites (Spruill et al. 2022). Given that many of these molecular imaging techniques including positron-emission tomography and single-photon-emission computed tomography require the use of radioactive isotopes, it is prone to numerous health and environmental hazards.
Investigating the role of internal layout of magnetic field-generating equipment on workers’ exposure at power substations
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Monireh Hosseini, Laleh Farhang Matin, Mohammad Reza Monazzam, Hossein Khosroabadi
In order to reduce workers’ exposure to magnetic fields, various protection methods such as maintaining proper distance from generating sources, the use of mu-metal, phase change, education and training have been proposed. Unfortunately, their implementation in workplaces is impractical, time consuming and costly in most cases [6,7]. Hence, companies and industrial plants should take preventive measures against environmental hazards. Paying enough attention to proper interior design and layout design is one of the preventive measures to control exposure to magnetic fields and prevent possible problems and accidents caused by their exposure. Unfortunately, lack of attention from consulting engineers to the issue has put many people at unwanted exposure to this occupational hazardous agent and caused a decrease in their work efficiency and threatened their health status [8]. One of the workplaces where the layout pattern of equipment and placement of workers have a significant role on occupational exposure level is power substations. Improper deployment of equipment in this workplace increases the area of magnetic field-contaminated places and makes the work environment of the workers an unsafe place for them.