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The Potential of Microbial Mediated Fermentation Products of Herbal Material in Anti-Aging Cosmetics
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Biotransformation of phytochemicals as a result of fermentation may result in various changes to the structure and function of these compounds. For example, this biotransformation may cause the conversion of an active compound to a less active metabolite, also referred to as inactivation or detoxification. 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) has been used for the control of agricultural pests, and for protection against malaria and typhus. Due to its adverse environmental effects and potential risks to human health, it was subsequently banned in many parts of the world. DDT and its metabolites persist in soils for extended periods, and this is exasperated by the continued use of dicofol. Physical and chemical remediation offer disadvantages including that they are costly an often result in secondary pollution. Microbial mediated remediation offers a more economic and safer alternative as a few strains have been shown to utilize DDT as a carbon source, including Alcaligenes eutrophus A5, Alcaligenes sp. KK, Alcaligenes sp. DG-5, Chryseobacterium sp. PYR2, Rhodococcus sp. IITR03 Aeromonas hydrophila HS01, Pseudomonas putida T5, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavimonas oryzihabitans and Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 (Barragán-Huerta et al., 2007; Hsu and Chiang, 2009; Gao et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2012; Rangachary et al., 2012; Bajaj et al., 2014; Qu et al., 2015; Erdem and Cutright, 2016).
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The ban on endosulfan will leave dicofol as the last major chlorinated pesticide allowed today in the United States, where it is used to kill mites, mostly on cotton and citrus crops. Pentachlorophenol is also used as a pesticide, although its use is restricted to treatment of railroad ties and utility poles, not food crops. Lindane is banned from crops but continues to be used in prescription shampoos for treating lice.
The environment and reproduction
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Sharpe et al. (121) demonstrated that gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens resulted in reduced testicular size and sperm production (20). Dicofol, an estrogenic organochloride pesticide, was observed to induce a significant decrease in ovarian follicles and the number of estrous cycles in rabbits (21), while follicle destruction has been reported in rhesus monkeys exposed to PCBs (22). The list of mammalian studies linking subfertility to environmental toxicants is extensive, including studies demonstrating embryotoxicity for DDT, methoxychlor, and hexachlorocyclohexane (23). Most human exposure is through food, air, or, in the case of trihalomethanes (THMs), absorption through skin. Exposure to the aforementioned compounds has been well documented, but is only now being monitored more closely. There were few data about non-occupational exposure to potential toxicants until the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began testing in 1999 (116 compounds) and 2003 (148 compounds) (24). National Geographic published an article in 2006 about a journalist who had his blood tested for levels of environmental toxicants to see what the average American accumulates in a lifetime. The tests, which cost around $15,000, revealed 165 of 320 chemicals tested, including levels of a fire retardant used on airline seats 10 times higher than the average American, because of the many hours spent in airplanes (25). The article highlighted the fact that these chemicals are ubiquitous not only in the environment, but also in our bodies.
Health risk assessment of 42 pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea from Fujian, China
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Qinghua Yao, Sun-An Yan, Jie Li, Minmin Huang, Qiu Lin
According to the overall risk scores, the detected pesticides were classified into 3 groups. No pesticide was assigned into the high-risk group because the overall risk scores of 17 detected pesticides were lower than 20. In the medium-risks group, the pesticides scored from 15 to 20. And the pesticides with the overall risk score below 15 were assigned into low-risk groups. Based on these, dicofol and thiacloprid were classified into the medium-risk group and 15 other pesticides were classified into the low-risk group (Figure 1). Taking consideration of pesticide toxicity, results of risk assessment and the risk ranking, the suggestions for pesticides used in Tieguanyin tea plantation were listed in Table 5. Dicofol and methomyl are already banned in Chinese tea plantation. The use of thiacloprid and chlorpyrifos should be diminished until banned due to their relatively high toxicity. 13 other pesticides could be used with consideration of the pre-harvest interval.
Effect of pesticide exposure on the cholinesterase activity of the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of northern part of West Bengal, India
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Various pesticides either single or in mixture are used to combat mixed infestation of tea plantations throughout the year. As per reports from several studies, pesticides commonly used are endosulfan, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, quinalphos, acephate, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, oxydemeton-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, alphamethrin, fenpropathrin, profenofos, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, ethion, heptachlor and dicofol (Roy et al. 2008, Bishnu et al. 2009, Singh et al. 2015). Sprayers were exposed to pesticides mainly through inhalation, skin contact and through food and water and tea leaf pluckers were exposed to pesticides through skin contact and through food and water.
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for analysis of toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Andreas F. Lehner, Margaret Johnson, John Buchweitz
Chlorinated pesticide intoxication in domesticated and wildlife species is a concern for veterinarians and wildlife professional. Animals are exposed to such pesticides as well as the structurally related and persistent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through the environment. The chlorinated pesticides are differentiated structurally into various classes including: (1) dichlorodiphenylethanes (4,4′-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [4,4′-DDT] and related compounds, dicofol, methoxychlor, methiochlor, chlorbenzylate); (2) polychlorocyclohexanes or -benzenes (lindane, kepone, mirex and benzene hexachloride mixed isomers); and (3) cyclodienes (endrin, telodrin, isodrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane and toxaphene) (Ecobichon 2001). Studies in humans indicate association of dichlorodiphenylethanes with paresthesia, ataxia, dizziness, confusion, nausea, lethargy and peripheral tremors on acute exposure, and anorexia, anemia, tremors, muscular weakness, hyperexcitability, anxiety and nervous tension on chronic exposure (Spencer 2000). Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) is similarly associated with dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, weakness, convulsions, dyspnea, cyanosis, aplastic anemia and muscle spasms on acute exposure (Ecobichon 2001). The cyclodienes are associated with dizziness, headache, nausea, hyperexcitability, myoclonic jerking, malaise, convulsive seizures on acute exposure, and some of the same signs on chronic exposure along with psychological disorders (insomnia, anxiety, irritability), ataxia and changes in EEG patterns (Ecobichon 2001). Many of these compounds are listed as neurotoxins as well as suspected carcinogens. For example, five abundant organochlorine pesticides (dieldrin, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, 4,4′-DDT and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene [4,4′-DDE]) were recently examined retrospectively in patient serum samples for their association with induction of the neurological disorder Parkinson’s disease, and one of these (dieldrin) had a strong positive association (Weisskopf et al. 2010).