China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Drug Crop Producing Countries: A Development Perspective
Published in Ross Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users, 2020
Yet serious ecological damage is also being caused by coca eradication schemes and the efforts of the USG to develop chemical and biological agents to attack and eliminate the shrub. This is being matched by a high level of vigilance on the part of coca producers, who continue to hold the Bolivian government to legal agreements enshrining the principle of voluntary substitution, and to ensure that forcible eradication does not proceed. Indeed, the use of the chemical defoliant 2,4-D in field trials in the Chapare in 1982 triggered a storm of protest from across the breadth of public opinion, and effectively brought to an end chemical testing in Bolivia.7
Risk Characterization
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The herbicide Agent Orange was used extensively in Vietnam as a defoliant. Agent Orange contained 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and a contaminant generated during manufacture, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD. TCDD is highly persistent in the environment, and many parts of Vietnam remain contaminated.113 Da Nang is the largest city in central Vietnam, and was the location of a US airbase during the Vietnam conflict in the 1970s. The chair of the People’s Committee of Da Nang City was made aware of EPA’s current toxicity criterion for TCDD based on the possibility of congenital hypothyroidism in infants due to reduced maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Herbicides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
In the agricultural industry, the control of weeds and noxious vegetation is accomplished by the application of various contact herbicides that produce the rapid elimination of plant tissues for prolonged periods. Military use of defoliants, and commercial nonagricultural community and household use of herbicides along highways, commercial property, pedestrian walkways, parks, and lawns, accounted for 40% of the total herbicide consumption in the United States in 2001. Domestic maintenance of home lawns and gardens requires the use of selective herbicides that kill broad-leaf vegetation without serious damage to the preferred grasses.
Arsenic: an emerging role in adipose tissue dysfunction and muscle toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Kaviyarasi Renu, Aditi Panda, Balachandar Vellingiri, Alex George, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
Arsenic presence in the environment can be both man-made and natural activities. It enters the environment naturally through groundwater, mineral ore, and geothermal processes. Its dispersion and spread in the environment are mainly provoked through mining, leaching, and commercial uses. It's a common by-product through the smelting process of metal ores like cobalt, gold, lead, nickel, and zinc, respectively. Other sources of arsenic include algaecides, herbicides, non-ferrous alloys, pesticides, defoliants, etc. It is also vastly used in glass manufacturing industries in the form of gallium arsenide and arsine gases used in semiconductor devices. However, both organic and inorganic forms of Arsenic can also be found in seafood like oysters, scallops, mussels, prawns, lobsters, etc. (Barringer and Reilly 2013).
Skin-specific knockdown of hyaluronan in mice by an optimized topical 4-methylumbelliferone formulation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Emily H. Steen, Walker D. Short, Hui Li, Umang M. Parikh, Alexander Blum, Natalie Templeman, Nadine Nagy, Paul L. Bollyky, Sundeep G. Keswani, Swathi Balaji
After the optimized concentrations of the different parameters were determined as above, a topical 4-MU treatment application was formulated using the optimal concentrations of 4-MU, propylene glycol (PG), ethanol (EtOH), and deionized water as the vehicle. Validation of this formulation on skin HAS1-3 and HYAL1-2 and KIAA1199 expression and HA inhibition was performed, with experimental groups consisting of topical 4-MU treatment application, topical sham treatment application, and control/untreated animals. One day prior to treatment, the skin of the mice was shaved and Nair™ (Church & Dwight, Ewing, NJ, USA) was used to defoliate the dorsum of mice. On the day of treatment, skin was shaved and scrubbed with alternating betadine and 70% isopropyl alcohol three times. 150 µl of topical drug formulation was massaged into both flanks of experimental mice twice daily for 7 days and the area of application was covered with non-adhesive OpSite® film dressing. These mice received normal chow ad libitum (n = 6 mice, 3 females and 3 males at 7–8 weeks were included). The sham control set of mice underwent the same treatment using a mixture of only PG, EtOH, and water (without 4-MU) (n = 6 mice, 3 females and 3 males at 7–8 weeks were included). Following topical applications, animals were euthanized, and skin and serum were collected, and HAS1-3, HYAL1,2 and KIAA1199 and HA levels were determined.
Larvicidal and pathological effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Artemisia herba-alba against Spodoptera littoralis through feeding and contact application
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Raghda S. El-Ashmouny, Magda H. Rady, Bouthaina A. Merdan, T. A. A. El-Sheikh, Rasha E. Hassan, El Gohary E El Gohary
The cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in the subtropical and tropical ranges of Africa and the Middle East [1]. The insect is considered a devastating pest in its native range. Larvae defoliate ~40 plant families with economically important crops, such as cotton and tomatoes [2]. Insecticides used to control such pests pose many hazards [3], and the need for new ecofriendly bioinsecticides is a must [4–6].