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Infection prevention and control
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
The term ‘hand decontamination’, used throughout these principles, is defined as ‘the use of hand sanitiser or handwashing to reduce the number of bacteria on the hands’ (NICE 2017a, p. 13). Handwashing is the key skill used for hand hygiene. Effective hand decontamination can also be achieved, in some circumstances, by using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser containing isopropyl alcohol (minimum 70% alcohol/volume).
Chemical injuries
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Decontamination is the physical process of removing harmful substances from personnel, equipment, and supplies. It is a fastidious and time-consuming procedure which should only be performed whenever there is a risk of secondary exposure from a hazardous substance18. A person or equipment may become contaminated by contacting vapors, gases, mists, solids, or liquids from the source of contaminant or from others who are already contaminated18. Decontamination protects the victims from continuous exposure to the toxic materials, makes easier the treatment and the evacuation of the casualties and is a very important factor in the containment of the toxic hazard3. Although the victim, injured or not, must in principle be decontaminated before being transported to the medical facilities to protect EMS and emergency department staff, a variety of factors, such as adverse weather conditions, technologic constraints, and lack of pre-hospital training and equipment, may complicate this procedure57. Liquid remaining on the skin or clothing may vaporise and contaminate EMS and transporting personnel, ambulances and emergency departments. Large areas of medical facilities might be unusable for hours if non-decontaminated casualties are brought into the hospital12,13,23,30,40. The decontamination procedures should be carried out as soon as possible.
Hygiene
Published in Barbara Smith, Linda Field, Nursing Care, 2019
Decontamination is the combination of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation, the processes that make equipment safe for re-use by destroying or removing microorganisms (Royal College of Nursing, 2017). This combination is used to ensure that medical equipment is safe and reusable, decontamination destroys and /or removes microorganisms, inadequate decontamination can result in healthcare-associated infections (Royal College of Nursing, 2017). Reusable equipment must be decontaminated thoroughly after use on a patient, however only reusable equipment can be decontaminated. Safe decontamination is essential if the effective control of infection is to be achieved. Nurses are duty bound to ensure medical devices are maintained and decontaminated in accordance with local and national guidelines (for example the 2017b National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline for Infection prevention and control and organisational policies) (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2015). Equipment that is deemed as single use is only ever used once.
Immersive virtual patient simulation compared with traditional education for clinical reasoning: a pilot randomised controlled study
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2023
Claire Bonnin, Dominique Pejoan, Eric Ranvial, Méryl Marchat, Nicolas Andrieux, Laurent Fourcade, Anaick Perrochon
VR is increasingly used in medical education in different fields such as i) anatomy (Ekstrand et al., 2018; Erolin et al., 2019; Kurul et al., 2020; Stepan et al., 2017; Vertemati et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020), ii) technical and surgical procedures (e.g. laparoscopy and scoliosis surgery) (Izard et al., 2018; Sattar et al., 2019), iii) emergency situations for decision- making and mass casualty incident triage (Harrington et al., 2018; Lerner et al., 2020; Mills et al., 2020), iv) decontamination process (Farra et al., 2018), v) learning the ABCDE (Airways, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) method (Berg & Steinsbekk, 2020), vi) communication skills with patients in view of overcoming vaccine hesitancy (Real et al., 2017). These studies also highlighted the fact that medical students have found enjoyment (Harrington et al., 2018; Kurul et al., 2020; Stepan et al., 2017), engagement (Erolin et al., 2019; Stepan et al., 2017), satisfaction (Berg & Steinsbekk, 2020) and motivation in VR (Ekstrand et al., 2018; Lerner et al., 2020; Stepan et al., 2017). VR seemed authentic, realistic and cost-effective (Farra et al., 2018; Mills et al., 2020; Vertemati et al., 2019), it could provide a sense of embodiment (Gobin Mignot et al., 2019); some participants even felt that being removed from external stimuli added to the immersive experience (Harrington et al., 2018). In these studies, VR showed better or equivalent results than traditional teaching, meaning that it could at least be an alternative (Berg & Steinsbekk, 2020; Ekstrand et al., 2018; Farra et al., 2018; Mills et al., 2020; Stepan et al., 2017).
In vitro strain specific reducing of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Alireza Emadi, Majid Eslami, Bahman Yousefi, Anna Abdolshahi
Numerous studies were investigated about preventing/inhibiting aflatoxin production, reducing/detoxifying aflatoxin in contaminated products, and inhibiting the absorption of aflatoxin at the gastrointestinal tract (Afshar et al.2020). Efforts have been prepared to eliminate toxins from contaminated sources or cut down into fewer toxic complexes (Zaki et al.2012). There were different approaches to decrease aflatoxin bioavailability in foods. The most important techniques can be biological decontamination and chemical inactivation (Lili et al.2018, Sadiq et al.2019, Afshar et al.2020). Based on consumer demands for safe foods and avoiding the chemical process, it must establish effective specified methods that are cost-effective, environment according, applicable, available, and safe. In this regard, the biodegradation of aflatoxin using nonpathogenic microorganisms and their derivates have been considered as a relevant strategy (Oliveira et al.2013, Kim et al.2017).
The interpretation of hair analysis for drugs and drug metabolites
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Eva Cuypers, Robert J. Flanagan
Although it is considered mandatory to include a “decontamination” step, there is no consensus on the actual procedure to be followed [30]. Washing with methanol [31], dichloromethane [32–34], dichloromethane and water and perhaps also methanol [35–37], 2-propanol [38], 2-propanol and phosphate buffer [39], ethanol and phosphate buffer [40,41], and room temperature ionic liquids [42] are just some examples of the procedures advocated. Today, the general recommendation of the Society of Hair Testing is a decontamination strategy that includes an initial organic solvent wash to remove oils, followed by aqueous washes [43]. However, even using the most comprehensive and complex decontamination procedures, measureable concentrations of cocaine may still be detected in wash solutions [5,9,44].