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Basic Principles of Particle Behavior in the Human Respiratory Tract
Published in Hans Bisgaard, Chris O’Callaghan, Gerald C. Smaldone, Drug Delivery to the Lung, 2001
Joachim Heyder, Magnus U. Svartengren
The hygroscopic growth of pharmaceutical particles is usually less than that of sodium chloride particles. It is, however, not negligible, although it is often neglected in aerosol therapy. This was shown for a number of pharmaceutical aerosols. Particles were produced by nebulization of aqueous solutions of drugs, exposed to dry air and passed through a differential mobility analyzer for selection of a monodisperse fraction in situ. The selected particles were then exposed to air of increasing relative humidity, and their size was analyzed with another differential mobility analyzer and a condensation particle counter. For instance, when the humidity was raised to 0.98, bricanyl particles increased their size by a factor of 2.44 (8).
Quantitative measurement of carbon nanotubes in rat lung
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jérôme Devoy, Hervé Nunge, Elodie Bonfanti, Carole Seidel, Laurent Gaté, Frédéric Cosnier
Aerosol monitoring and in-depth characterization were ensured as proposed in the framework of the NANoREG project and described in Cosnier et al. (2016). Monitoring of the aerosols relies on the use of (1) a condensation particle counter (CPC) for the on-line measurement of total submicron particle concentration, (2) an optical particle counter (OPC) for the monitoring of airborne particle number size distribution, and (3) systematic closed-face cassette (CFC) samples taken two to four times a day to measure aerosol average mass concentration. Aerosol in-depth characterization is provided by using time-resolved instruments such as scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), or electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Time integrated sampling for a posteriori characterization is also of great importance to characterize the produced aerosols in accordance with the ISO 13014 standard (ISO 2012).
Occupational exposure to graphene and silica nanoparticles. Part I: workplace measurements and samplings
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Claudio Natale, Andrea Gordiani, Stefania Sabella, Sergio Iavicoli
The set of instruments involved in both extensive sampling campaigns was composed by:Condensation Particle Counter (CPC mod. 3007, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) to measure in real-time the PNC (part/cm3) from 10 nm to 1,000 nm, with 1 s time resolution (1 Hz) and accuracy ±20% (total flow 0.7 L/min; detection limits 1 to 100,000 part/cm3).DiSCmini (DM mod. TESTO SE & Co. KGaA, Germany), handheld instrument for the measurement of personal PNC in the range 10–700 nm, average diameter (Davg) of diffusion charging and Lung Deposited Surface Area (LDSA) in the range 10–300 nm, based on the model published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 1994), with a lower 1 s time resolution. Three different DMs have been used for parallel measurements.Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS mod. 3091, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) to measure real-time particle size distribution (PSD, dN/dlogDp) and simultaneously measure total PNC (part/cm3), in the size interval 5.6–560 nm, with 1 s time resolution.
Characterization of an aerosol generation system to assess inhalation risks of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
K. Pearce, W.T. Goldsmith, R. Greenwald, C. Yang, G. Mainelis, C. Wright
In this study, an aerosol generation system was developed and optimized to monitor and sample aerosols from two different nano-enabled liquid powder cosmetic product brands to determine and compare the physicochemical properties of the emitted aerosols produced by a commerical airbrush/nebulizer. The particle generation was controlled by proprietary software that allowed regulation of particle mass concentration (in mg/m3), and aerosols were monitored using both a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) that measured particle size distributions between ∼10–435 nm and an optical particle sizer (OPS) that measured size distributions between 0.3–10 µm. Additionally, a water-based condensation particle counter (CPC) was used to obtain total particle number concentration during aerosol generation sessions. Aerosols were collected onto aluminum sample mounts fixed with carbon tape for scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) assessment to determine morphological features and metal composition, respectively. Four interchangeable animal exposure pods attached to an exposure tower, which was coupled to the aerosol generation system, enabled nose-only and controlled aerosol delivery. The purpose of this article is to describe a fully integrated aerosol generation and exposure system that is suitable for in vivo characterization of inhaled aerosols to determine potential adverse human health risks to aerosolized NEPs.