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Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Ching-Hung Chiu, Ya-Yao Huang, Wen-Yi Chang, Jacek Koziorowski
For Grade A zones, particle monitoring should be undertaken for the full duration of critical processing, including equipment assembly, except where justified by contaminants in the process – contaminants that would damage the particle counter or present a hazard, for example live organisms and radiological hazards. In such cases, monitoring during routine equipment set-up operations should be undertaken prior to exposure to the risk. Monitoring during simulated operations should also be performed. The Grade A zone should be monitored at such a frequency, and with suitable sample size, that all interventions, transient events, and any system deterioration would be captured, and alarms would be triggered if alert limits were exceeded [17].
Measurement of the Size and Number of Adipose Cells
Published in Fernand P. Bonnet, Adipose Tissue in Childhood, 2019
The average cell weight can be calculated from the number of adipocytes contained in a known volume of a suspension of isolated cells and from the quantity of lipids contained in this volume. The number of cells contained in an aliquot of suspension taken under appropriate agitation is measured with a particle counter such as a Coulter Counter® or a similar type of apparatus.6,7 Other aliquots taken under the same conditions are added to a 2:1 (v/v) chloroform-methanol mixture in order to measure the triglyceride content (Figure 2). The average triglyceride content per cell is equal to
Lung Cancer Risk of a Population Exposed to Airborne Particles: The Contribution of Different Activities and Microenvironments
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
The exposure to the different aerosol metrics in indoor microenvironments was measured through the following instruments: A diffusion charger particle counter (DiscMini, Matter Aerosol AG), which is a compact handheld particle counter based on a diffusion charging technique able to measure particle number concentration (N), lung-deposited particle surface area concentration (sum of the alveolar- and tracheobronchial-deposited particle surface area concentrations, hereinafter referred to as SAlv+TB), and average diameter of particles ranging in size from 10 to 700 nmA handheld laser photometer (DustTrak Model 8534, TSI Inc.) able to measure PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and total PM mass concentration fractions
Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in the Swedish hard metal industry, in particular to cobalt
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Lena Andersson, Alexander Hedbrant, Alexander Persson, Ing-Liss Bryngelsson, Bengt Sjögren, Leo Stockfelt, Eva Särndahl, Håkan Westberg
Stationary measurements (area measurements) were acquired using measuring rigs. These measurements were conducted in the departments where the participants worked during their shifts and included a sampling of inhalable dust and cobalt using the same techniques for personal samples. Total dust was determined by collecting 8-h full shift samples according to a modified gravimetric method (NIOSH 1994) using 25 mm cellulose acetate filter in open-faced cassettes (OFC) with an airflow of 2.0 L/min. Respirable dust was determined using SKC aluminium cyclones (SKC, Eighty Four PA, USA) with 25 mm cellulose acetate filters, operating at an airflow of 2.5 L/min (Health and Safety Executive [HSE] 2000). Air concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were collected on 37 mm cellulose acetate filters using a Chempass system with an airflow of 1.8 L/min (European Standard 2014). For PM1.0, a Dusttrak DRX Monitor 8533 (TSI Incorporated, Shoreview MN, USA) was used. The particle surface area air concentrations were determined using a nanoparticle aerosol monitor Aerotrak 9000 (TSI Incorporated, Shoreview MN, USA) instrument, which determines the particle surface area for particles in the size range of 10 to 1000 nm in real-time. Particle number concentrations were measured based on particles in the 20–1000 nm size range using an ultrafine particle counter P-Trak 8525 (TSI Incorporated, Shoreview MN, USA). The number of nanoparticles was measured using a NanoTracerXP (Oxility B.V., Eindhoven, The Netherlands), a real-time instrument detecting ultra-fine particles in the 10–300 nm size range.
Quantitative measurement of carbon nanotubes in rat lung
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jérôme Devoy, Hervé Nunge, Elodie Bonfanti, Carole Seidel, Laurent Gaté, Frédéric Cosnier
Aerosol monitoring and in-depth characterization were ensured as proposed in the framework of the NANoREG project and described in Cosnier et al. (2016). Monitoring of the aerosols relies on the use of (1) a condensation particle counter (CPC) for the on-line measurement of total submicron particle concentration, (2) an optical particle counter (OPC) for the monitoring of airborne particle number size distribution, and (3) systematic closed-face cassette (CFC) samples taken two to four times a day to measure aerosol average mass concentration. Aerosol in-depth characterization is provided by using time-resolved instruments such as scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), or electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Time integrated sampling for a posteriori characterization is also of great importance to characterize the produced aerosols in accordance with the ISO 13014 standard (ISO 2012).
Cardiopulmonary effects induced by occupational exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Lin Zhao, Yifang Zhu, Zhangjian Chen, Huadong Xu, Jingwen Zhou, Shichuan Tang, Zhizhen Xu, Fanling Kong, Xinwei Li, Yifei Zhang, Xianzuo Li, Ji Zhang, Guang Jia
As described in detail in our previous work, stationary sampling was performed in packaging workshop and control environment including executive office and outdoor environment (Xu et al. 2016). Briefly, mass concentrations (MCs) and size distribution of particles were detected by a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI, NanoMoudi-II™ Model 122 R, MSP Corp., Shoreview, MN) with 13 stages (ranging from diameters of 10–18 000 nm). Ultrafine particle counter (P-TRAKTM 8525, TSI Inc., Lynnwood, WA) was used to monitor number concentrations (NCs) of particles. A surface area monitor (AeroTrak™ 9000, TSI Inc., Lynnwood, WA) was used to determine surface area concentrations (SACs) of particles potentially deposited in alveolar and tracheobronchial regions.