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Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Other organochlorines. Several other organochlorine insecticides were introduced in the late 1940s to early 1950s, and they have experienced wide use before being banned in most countries due to their persistence and environmental and human health effects. Lindane is the γ-isomer of benzene hexachloride, and remains available as a scabicide and pediculocide in lotions and shampoos, as a secondary line of treatment after pyrethroids, but has been banned from agricultural use. The primary use of chlordane was for termite control, while other compounds (e.g., dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin) were primarily used in agriculture. All of these compounds have moderate to high acute oral toxicity; however, in contrast to DDT, they are readily absorbed through the skin. The primary target for their toxicity is the CNS, and convulsions are a prominent aspect of poisoning. These are due to the ability of these compounds to interfere with GABA-mediated neurotransmission by binding to the chloride channel, similarly to type II pyrethroids (82). These organochlorine compounds are slowly metabolized, have a tendency to bioaccumulate in adipose tissue, and are excreted in milk. Many are also inducers of microsomal biotransformation enzymes and cause liver enlargement upon chronic exposure (100). Most of these insecticides were banned in the United States at the same time as DDT; for example, aldrin and dieldrin were banned in 1975, toxaphene in 1982, and chlordane in 1988.
Percutaneous Absorption of Contaminants From Soil
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Ronald C. Wester, Daniel A. W. Bucks, Howard I. Maibach
Chlordane is an insecticide for which the commercial product is a mixture containing 60 to 75% of the pure compound and 25 to 40% of related compounds. The EPA has cancelled registration of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or top of nonfood plants. Therefore, knowledge of potential chlordane skin absorption from soil is important. Table 3 gives the percutaneous absorption of pure chlordane from soil and from an acetone solution (acetone quickly evaporated after application to skin). During in vitro absorption through human skin, a larger quantity of chlordane adhered to skin from direct deposit in acetone solution; however, quantities reaching the human plasma receptor fluid were the same. In vivo percutaneous absorption in the rhesus monkey showed that an equal quantity of chlordane was absorbed through skin from soil (4.2 ± 1.8%) and acetone solution (6.0 ± 2.0%). The affinity of chlordane for skin is further illustrated in the in vivo decontamination of rhesus monkey skin (Figure 2). It took several soap and water washes to remove chlordane from skin.14
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlordane, heptachlor, nonachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and trans-nonachlor: These substances (Figure 7.6) are extremely toxic. They have been widely used in agriculture. They have also been extensively used for termite-proofing of buildings, including much of the housing in the Southern United States. Chlordane (octachlor) is an organochlorine insecticide that was commercially available from 1979 to 1989. This commercial product is a mixture of 2 chlordane isomers (60%–75%) and related products, chlorodene, heptachlor, and nonachlor. Chlordane is readily absorbed via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact.
Monitoring and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Karun River and drinking water Ahvaz city, South West of Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sahand Jorfi, Ali Poormohammadi, Elham Maraghi, Halime Almasi
Due to more rainfall and increased river water during winter, the toxins in the water are diluted and results in a decrease in their concentrations (Taheri et al.2015). Previous studies have clearly shown that several chlorine pesticides have not yet been controlled in some areas because many of these pesticides that are prohibited such as dieldrin and endrin, are still used as a soil insecticide to control rootworms, beetles, and termites (Behfar et al.2013). Dieldrin is used in agriculture to control soil insects and some egg-borne insect vectors. In general, application of this pesticide is limited to termite and insect control of wood and leather pests. Dieldrin has very strong bonds with soil particles and is therefore highly permeable to groundwater (Shinggu et al.2015). In this study, the concentrations of endrin and dieldrin were higher than those reported by other studies (Shinggu et al.2015, Majd et al.2017). Chlordane is commonly used in agricultural food crops like vegetables, cereals, maize, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, sugar beet, citrus fruits, walnuts, and cotton (Rathore and Nollet 2016). Based on the results, the concentrations of the studied OCPs were higher than the recommended standard values, except for chlordane that its concentration in December was lower than the standard value.
Critical evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Tomoya Yamada, Samuel M. Cohen, Brian G. Lake
Similar to PB, a number of other nongenotoxic chemicals have been shown to produce liver tumors in the mouse and/or rat by a mode of action (MOA) involving CAR activation. For PB and the chemicals listed in Table 1, the MOA for tumor formation has been established using the IPCS framework and the modified Bradford Hill considerations as described below (Sonich-Mullin et al. 2001; Meek et al. 2003; Seed et al. 2005; Boobis et al. 2006, 2008). In addition, based on more limited data (e.g. lack of hepatocyte RDS data at known carcinogenic dose levels), a number of other substances also appear to produce liver tumors in the mouse and/or rat by a CAR activation MOA. Examples include chlordane (Khasawinah and Grutsch 1989; Ross et al. 2010), dalcetrapib (Hoflack et al. 2012), diazepam (de la Iglesia et al. 1981; IARC 1996; Skoda et al. 2020), and ginkgo biloba extract (Maeda et al. 2015).
The action of low doses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on mitochondrial function in zebrafish eyes and comparison with hyperglycemia to identify a link between POPs and diabetes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Eun Ko, Dayoung Kim, Kitae Kim, Moonsung Choi, Sooim Shin
Twenty-four weeks-old adult AB line and wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) were housed in groups of 14 in a 2 L tank with a thermostat regulated temperature of 28 °C with a photoperiod comprising of 14 h light and 10 h dark. They were fed the Gemma Micro formulation (particle size, 300 μm; Skretting) three times each day on weekdays and once a day on the weekend. After acclimation to the constant conditions, zebrafish were exposed to certain conditions. As for glucose immersion, zebrafish were immersed in a 55.56 mM (0.1%, g/vol) D-glucose solution diluted with breeding water for 3 and 7 days. The glucose-containing breeding water was changed every other day to maintain glucose concentration and water cleanliness. As for POPs exposure, five kinds of persistent organic pollutants including chlordane, heptachlor, β-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, and 4,4′-DDT were mixed at a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio and then continuously flowed into breeding water. The concentrations of POPs mixture were 0.5 and 5 μg/L. The control group was only exposed to 0.1% of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) which is the solvent of POPs mixture. Exposure was proceeded for 3 months in three batches.