China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Goods and consumer issues
Published in Michael Weir, Law and Ethics in Complementary Medicine, 2023
The CCA includes the Australian Consumer Law (ACL), which applies across all jurisdictions in Australia. The ACCC, Advertising and Selling Guide: A Guide for Business March 2021 provides good information in this area.14
Missingness, Measurement Error, and Variable Selection
Published in Andrew B. Lawson, Using R for Bayesian Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Health Modeling, 2021
Often models that include predictors assume that the predictors are constant, and the model conditions on the fixed predictor values. This is a standard assumption of much of statistical model theory. However if missingness occurs in predictors, then a mechanism must be considered by which the missing observations can be accommodated. Complete case analysis (CCA) is the solution whereby any items displaying missingness (whether outcomes or predictors) are removed from the data. Hence this is not an accommodation but an avoidance strategy. CCA is not regarded as a panacea for biomedical studies as it throws data away, and if intention to treat (ITT) is assumed, then CCA cannot be used.
Effects on Female Offspring and Mothers After Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol
Published in Takao Mori, Hiroshi Nagasawa, Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life, 2020
J. Rotmensch, K. Frey, A. L. Herbst
As of 1986, over 530 cases of vaginal or cervical CCA had been accessioned into the registry. Of these cases, approximately 65% have a history of ingestion of DES or an equivalent nonsteroidal estrogen, 25% had no known maternal hormone ingestion, and 10% received an unidentified medication for a high-risk pregnancy. The actual risk of an exposed woman developing CCA is extremely small. Melnick et al. recently estimated the risk of CCA among DES-exposed females born between 1948 and 1965 to be 1 case per 1000 women through age 34. The age of patients diagnosed with CCA has ranged from 9 to 34 years, with 91% of DES-exposed cases diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 28 (Figure 2). The median age at diagnosis was 19 years.12 These figures are consistent with an earlier study which estimated the risk to be 0.14 to 1.4 cases per 1000 exposed, with an identical median age of diagnosis of 19 years.13
Revision of potential prognostic markers of cholangiocarcinoma for clinical practice
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Charupong Saengboonmee, Sumalee Obchoei, Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth, Sopit Wongkham
Several epidemiology studies in the last decades indicate the increasing trend of CCA incidence in Western countries [1]. For example, a recent retrospective study in the US suggested that the incidence of CCA continued to increase from 2001 to 2017, with iCCA higher than eCCA, in younger more significant than older patients, and in men more than women [6]. Contrarily, the analysis of the population-based data of the Khon Kaen Cancer Registry between 1989 and 2018 indicated a decreasing trend of CCA incidence from 2002 until 2028 [14]. Several factors, e.g. government policies aimed at decreasing the rate of liver fluke infection, continuous health education, and changes in eating habits, are suggested to be the main influences for the declining trend of CCA incidence in Thailand [14–16].
The molecular mechanisms and targeting strategies of transcription factors in cholangiocarcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Jiao Wang, Fujing Ge, Tao Yuan, Meijia Qian, Fangjie Yan, Bo Yang, Qiaojun He, Hong Zhu
The diagnostic methods of CCA mainly include blood examination of liver function indexes and tumor markers, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, imaging examination, and biopsy. CCA can be treated by surgery, liver transplant, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, and biliary drainage, and targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and postoperative adjuvant therapy are also new treatments. Surgical resection is the only effective treatment for CCA. However, early detection of CCA is not easy, and the probability of tumor resection is very small. The TFs that playing important roles are expected to be utilized in the early diagnosis of CCA, as their target genes translated into secretory proteins in serum could be potential method for the diagnosis of CCA. Additionally, the IHC analyses of TFs of the tumor tissues obtained from needle biopsy could be the alternative way for pathological diagnosis in tumors.
Effectiveness of Village Health Volunteer Parallel Program for Proactive Action to Reduce Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in Two High-Risk Countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Nopparat Songserm, Sureerat Butprom, Comsun Thongchai, Monthicha Ruksilp, Pattaraporn Charoenbut, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Timith Souvanaa, Vanida Buonhoseng, Akhtar Ali
2. The tool used to collect data (Questionnaire): The researchers created it. It was used to collect data from the participants in 2017 before the program was implemented (20). It aimed to collect the data of risk factors for CCA among people to assess the exposure of risk factors of the experimental and the control groups in both countries before and after the program implementation. It was an indirect assessment to see if the VHVs had transferred their knowledge on CCA prevention and reduction of risk factors for CCA to the public or not. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 was the sociodemographic data, including sex, age, occupation, educational level, average income per month, and marital status. Part 2 was the evaluation of risk factors for CCA. The questions consisted of a history of having risk factors for CCA: alcohol drinking, history of having liver fluke infection, use of praziquantel, consumption of raw fish, and nitrosamine-contaminated foodstuffs.