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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Brent A. Luedders, Ted R. Mikuls, James R. O’Dell, Bryant R. England
Genetic and environmental risk factors appear to act in concert in mediating RA risk. This gene-environment interaction is best exemplified by the markedly increased risk of ACPA-positive RA accompanying the presence of both SE alleles and cigarette smoking.38 Mirroring these findings, exposure to military burn pits was associated with the presence of ACPAs in US veterans with RA, particularly among those with shared epitope alleles.39
What Forensic Taphonomy Can Do for You: A Case Study in Rural Pennsylvania
Published in Heather M. Garvin, Natalie R. Langley, Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, 2019
Andrea M. Ost, Rhian R. Dunn, Dennis C. Dirkmaat
The differential burning and pattern of dispersal suggested that the suspect burned the husband first at the site outside the garage. The process likely took a long time and required much fuel. Most of the burned (calcined) remains were then placed in a receptacle and dumped on the back dirt pile of the residence’s garbage burn pit. This collection effort was incomplete, and some of the husband’s burned skeletal elements were left in the burned area (see Figure 7.6).
Contributions of particulate and gas phases of simulated burn pit smoke exposures to impairment of respiratory function
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Samuel A. Vance, Yong Ho Kim, Ingrid J. George, Janice A. Dye, Wanda C. Williams, Mette J. Schladweiler, M. Ian Gilmour, Ilona Jaspers, Stephen H. Gavett
In this study, we determined the physical and chemical characteristics of emissions from the combustion of three burn pit materials and a mixture under smoldering and flaming conditions. In general, these smoke emission profiles produced varying degrees of respiratory depression during exposure, which were partially ameliorated by HEPA filtration. These data show that both gaseous and particulate components are important in the acute respiratory response to the simulated burn pit emissions. Smoldering emissions produced stronger responses than flaming emissions, which are most likely related to the higher levels of PM (∼10-fold) and VOCs (∼5-fold). The degree of respiratory F depression was very similar to our previous work on the effects of wildfire emission exposure which found that smoldering oak and eucalyptus produced reductions in F of ∼150–200 bpm and reductions in MV of ∼5–10 mL (Hargrove et al. 2019). Our previous study showed that a bolus dose of 100 µg of PM condensate from these emissions can produce reductions in F of mice measured post-exposure, and can also promote some markers of lung inflammation in a few of the groups (Kim et al. 2021). The present study advances these findings through exposure of mice to freshly generated emissions, producing varying quantities of PM, gases, and VOCs, and measuring respiratory physiological parameters during exposure. This route of exposure more accurately reflects real-world exposure conditions and was enhanced by measurement of real-time respiratory responses.
Physical and elemental analysis of Middle East sands from recent combat zones
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Lindsay T. McDonald, Steven J. Christopher, Steve L. Morton, Amanda C. LaRue
Due to the nature of deployment-associated inhaled exposures and the high incidence of reported respiratory symptoms among Veterans, in 2013, the VA developed a congressionally mandated Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry (Report on Data from the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit (AH&OBP) Registry 2015) to document and study the nature, duration, frequency, and potential impacts of such exposures on Veterans’ health. In 2018, in a landmark lawsuit, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Office for Workers Compensation Programs ruled that exposure to burn pits is linked with respiratory disease (Veronica 2018), validating Veterans’ claims nationwide. The number of Veterans reporting respiratory symptoms and disease has risen year over year (Pugh et al. 2016). While population-based data is now being collected, the nature of the exposures experienced is still unclear. The Afghanistan War is the longest ongoing war in U.S. history, with 17 years of deployments to date. This amounts to over 2.15 million Veterans with an average of 1.72 deployments each (Returning Home from Iraq and Afghanistan 2013), and the number of soldiers deployed continues to grow due to ongoing conflicts. Combined, the Gulf War and Afghanistan War have involved nearly 3 million deployed troops, each potentially at increased risk of inhaled exposure-induced respiratory disease. This alarming epidemiological data indicates an urgent need to understand the nature of exposures experienced and other contributing risk factors in order to develop treatments and preventative measures for exposure-related respiratory diseases, including PF.
Rux largely restores lungs in Iraq PM-exposed mice, Up-regulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs)
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
David Lin, Jonathan Li, Rabail Razi, Niha Qamar, Laurie Levine, Thomas Zimmerman, Sayyed A. Hamidi, Millicent Schmidt, Marc G. Golightly, Todd Rueb, Andrea Harrington, Merrill Garnett, Frank Antonawich, Steven McClain, Edmund Miller, Courtney Cox, Po Hsuan Huang, Anthony M. Szema
These ambient PM levels associated largely with re-suspension of surface material were compounded by other sources related to combat and support activities, including combustion, most notably at ‘burn pits’, and explosives. Much attention has been focused at the open-air burn pits that were widely used for waste disposal in the vicinity of personnel bases.17,18 In addition to dense smoke, emissions detected at burn pits included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), metals, and dioxins.18