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Ambient Air Pollution and Health Effects in Shanghai
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Wei Tu, Zhijing Lin, Lili Du, Haidong Kan, Weichun Ma
Cai et al. (2014) assessed the acute effects of PM10, SO2, NO2, and black carbon (BC) on asthmatic hospitalization using daily adult asthmatic hospitalization data from nine urban districts between 2005 and 2011. It was estimated that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in the moving average of the present day and the previous day concentrations of PM10, SO2, NO2, and BC had corresponded to a 1.82% (95% CI: −1.57%, 5.20%), 6.41% (95% CI: 2.32%, 10.49%), 8.26% (95% CI: 4.48%, 12.05%) and 6.62% (95% CI: 1.74%, 11.50%) increase in asthmatic hospitalization, respectively. Moreover, SO2 and NO2 had stronger effects on asthma hospitalization than PM10, and the concentration–response curves showed a linear relationship between air pollution and the risk of asthmatic hospitalization.
Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Black carbon is released from fossil fuel combustion (including diesel, coal, and gas fuel), cooking with biomass fuels (which is widespread in the developing world), and the burning of forest and crop residue for agricultural purposes. Black carbon has been identified as an important climate-forcing emission along with CO248 and has climate-forcing effects that last for decades (compared with centuries for CO2). In addition to its effects on climate, black carbon is an air pollutant (a constituent of fine PM) with well-described respiratory and cardiovascular health effects at increased concentrations, including worsening of preexisting cardiovascular disease with neurological dysfunction,49 worsening lung and brain function50 and increases in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalization and mortality51 and cardiovascular neurological mortality.52 Household air pollution, consisting of black carbon smoke from indoor cooking particularly in the developing world, has been ranked as the third largest contributor to the global burden of disease, largely because of its associations with childhood respiratory infections, COPD in women, and cardiovascular disease in men.53 Natural gas stoves are the number one offender along with pesticides in the home (Randolph, T. G. 1985, personal communication) of the chemically sensitive. Mold and mycotoxins are also a growing problem, while pesticides, herbicides, and fumigants are other major problems. EMF waves are now the absconding pollutant that wreaks havoc on the individual.
A single exposure to eucalyptus smoke sensitizes rats to the postprandial cardiovascular effects of a high carbohydrate oral load
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Brandi L. Martin, Leslie C. Thompson, Yong Ho Kim, Samantha J. Snow, Mette C. Schladweiler, Pamela Phillips, Molly Harmon, Charly King, Judy Richards, Ingrid George, Najwa Haykal-Coates, M. Ian Gilmour, Urmila P. Kodavanti, Mehdi S. Hazari, Aimen K. Farraj
Wildland fires represent a major source of air pollution, are increasingly linked to adverse health impacts related to poor air quality (Haikerwal et al. 2015), and are projected to increase in frequency and severity (EPA 2017). Moreover, nearly 40% of total suspended black carbon (a key component of particulate matter) in the United States is linked to biomass burning, increasing the need for understanding the associated risks from exposure to various biomass combustion emissions (U.S. EPA 2014). The cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution exposure, however, are often latent (Brook et al. 2010), posing a significant challenge to controlled exposure studies that rely on measures of spontaneous effects. One alternative approach involves assessment of the capacity for prior exposure to air pollution to modify responses to day-to-day nonspecific stressors of the cardiovascular system. For instance, Volpino et al. (2004) demonstrated that traffic police officers exposed to ambient air pollution had exaggerated responses to exercise. Similarly, using experimental models, we previously demonstrated the exposure to air pollution primes the body to exaggerated responses to exercise, sympathomimetics, sub-atmospheric oxygen, and myocardial calcium loading (Carll et al. 2013; Perez et al. 2013; Farraj et al. 2015; Farraj et al. 2016; Martin et al. 2018).
Exposure of normal and chronic bronchitis-like mucosa models to aerosolized carbon nanoparticles: comparison of pro-inflammatory oxidative stress and tissue injury/repair responses
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Jie Ji, Koustav Ganguly, Xenia Mihai, Jitong Sun, Maria Malmlöf, Per Gerde, Swapna Upadhyay, Lena Palmberg
Finally, some short notes on the difficult task of linking air pollutant dosimetry of short-term cell culture experiments with in vivo animal exposures as well as with human acute- or chronic exposures in the polluted environment. While much progress can be made in cell culture work in understanding the various mechanisms of action of toxicity in humans, more research will be needed to link the dose metrics between these vastly disparate dosing scenarios (Donaldson et al. 2008). Several researchers have shown the mass concentration of black carbon (BC) in the ambient air in different part of the world. For example, Sattar et al. (2014) have shown the concentration of black carbon in the ambient air of urban area in Indonesia is varying between 2.6 and 3.8μg/m3, which constitute 6.1% of the particulate mass during the dry season. Similarly, Islam et al. (2014) reported that average concentration of BC in PM10 and PM2.5 was 29.1µg/m³ and 31.6µg/m3 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Prevalence and determinants of airflow limitation in urban and rural children exposed to cooking fuels in South-East Nigeria
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Tagbo Oguonu, Ijeoma N. Obumneme-Anyim, Joy N. Eze, Adaeze C. Ayuk, Chinyere V. Okoli, Ikenna K. Ndu
About half of the world population use biomass fuels as their primary source of domestic energy for cooking, home heating and light [1]. Globally, the household use of biomass fuel is the most significant source of indoor air pollution leading to respiratory complications and death in about 4.3 million people per year worldwide [2]. Women and children are most vulnerable, with high morbidity/mortality attributable to household air pollution (HAP) owing to their more involvement in daily cooking and other domestic activities within the home [3]. Different types of biomass fuel produce different effects on the body organs, particularly the respiratory system. The most efficient fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electric stoves generate more heat and fewer pollutants per unit of fuel but are more expensive [3]. Incomplete combustion results in black carbon emission with an adverse effect on health [4].