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Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Umifenovir is effective against a number of different viruses that includes human influenza type A and B virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and avian coronavirus [33]. The drug is approved for clinical use against influenza type A and type B only in some countries like Russia and China. The drug is suggested to be used for COVID-19 based on its in vitro data available against SARS. The drug is being investigated along with pegylated interferon-β atomization (NCT04254874) in mild COVID-19 patients. Another nonrandomized study including 67 patients showed low mortality and high hospital discharge rates [34]. The dose of 200 mg PO every 8 hourly is given (NCT04260594) for COVID-19 treatment.
Spray Drying and Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Metin Çelik, Pavan Muttil, Gülşilan Binzet, Susan C. Wendell
Atomization is the process by which a liquid feed is disintegrated into many fine droplets. The liquid feedstock is atomized into droplets by means of a nozzle or rotary atomizer. Nozzles use pressure or compressed gas to atomize the feed while rotary atomizers employ an atomizer wheel rotating at high speed. The breakup of the liquid feed into a large number of droplets reduces the internal resistance to moisture transfer from the droplet to the surrounding medium. This is because of the enormous increase in surface area of the bulk fluid as the liquid breaks up proceeds. Particle sizes are influenced by the liquid properties and choice of nozzles and atomizers as well as the feed rates. Typical particle distribution with different atomization systems under comparable conditions are given in Figure 6.3 [9] and for reference purpose, a diagrammatic representation of particle size and feed rate relation is shown in Figure 6.4 [10].
Modern Rehabilitation Techniques for COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
It is generally recommended that airway clearance be performed 1 hour after the patients have eaten, especially when it comes to patients with position changes and cough symptoms. It is better to use a combination of ACTs and sophisticated devices. The usage of airway clearance should be combined with atomization and humidification. In atomization treatment, bronchodilators can be used to make the small airway open better. Phlegm-reducing drugs can reduce the viscosity of secretions. Humidification treatment can reduce the consistency of secretions, thus improving the expelling of secretions.
Prehospital Intranasal Glucagon for Hypoglycemia
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2023
Ameera Haamid, Errick Christian, Katie Tataris, Eddie Markul, Hashim Q. Zaidi, Mark B. Mycyk, Joseph M. Weber
As the number of patients living with diabetes in the U.S. continues to rise and the availability of various prescription diabetes medications increases, EMS will increasingly be called upon to respond to diabetic emergencies (1, 2). Although oral and intravenous glucose are the mainstay of treatment for prehospital hypoglycemia, intramuscular glucagon has been an important prehospital treatment option when IV access is unobtainable and oral glucose is contraindicated due to altered mentation (3–6). A needleless option for glucagon administration has the additional benefit of decreasing occupational needle stick injuries. Since the National Study to Prevent Blood Exposure was conducted in 2002–2003 much has been published on the need to decrease occupational exposures for prehospital providers (17, 18). However, needle stick injuries remain one of the most common occupational injuries among EMS providers worldwide (7). With the advent of the mucosal atomization device many medications have been effectively administered nasally in the prehospital setting including naloxone, fentanyl, and midazolam (8). The capillary network of the nasal mucosa receives more blood flow per unit of tissue than the brain, liver, and muscle making it an ideal site for medication administration. Atomization of medication directly into the nasal cavity expands the available surface area of the drug molecules and yields greater drug bioavailability by allowing for broader distribution across the nasal mucosa (8).
Spray freeze-drying for inhalation application: process and formulation variables
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mostafa Rostamnezhad, Hossein Jafari, Farzad Moradikhah, Sara Bahrainian, Homa Faghihi, Reza Khalvati, Reza Bafkary, Alireza Vatanara
SFD as a promising production method has been used in different fields such as pharmaceutical and food research. Morphology of the particles produced by the SFD technique is a function of variables such as the drying phase, spraying, freezing phases, excipients, and solid content. Generally, SFD powders are spherical-shaped ones with a highly porous interior structure responsible for the very low density of powders. Improving aerodynamic properties, solubility, and stability of macromolecules against stresses such as atomization, freezing, etc. using different excipients and process parameters makes this method a good choice for pulmonary delivery of medicines, especially biomolecules. Also, creating a continuous SFD process and successful scale-up of the SFD process can be useful for industrial applications. Evaluation of the multiple types of the SFD, the mechanisms used in the SFD process, the nozzles used, the most frequently employed excipients with different properties, and various strategies for improving the resulting powders' stability and aerodynamic properties, can be useful for successful particle engineering. With comprehensive knowledge about the SFD process, ideal results can be achieved.
Quadruple therapy for asymptomatic COVID-19 infection patients
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Ling Wang, Xiaopeng Xu, Junshan Ruan, Saijin Lin, Jinhua Jiang, Hong Ye
Atomization inhalation of interferon-α (IFN-α) is also recommended by the National Health Commission of China as medication for COVID-19. IFN-α is bound to receptors on the cell surface to induce the production of various antiviral proteins, thereby inhibiting the replication of viruses in cells. IFN-α has a broad antivirus spectrum. In addition, it can enhance the specific cytotoxic effect of macrophages and lymphocytes by regulating immune function and thereby stop the invasion and infection of the virus effectively. At present, there are three types of IFN-α subtypes approved for clinical use, namely IFN-α2b, IFN-α2a, and IFN-α1b. It is found that IFN-α2b used in this paper tends to have a relatively higher activity [16]. IFN-α is mainly administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly, which is easy to cause influenza-like symptoms, myelosuppression, mental abnormalities, and other adverse reactions. Inhalation will not inactivate IFN-α and can raise the lung concentration [17]. 3.0 × 106 IU/day is the minimum inhalation dose of IFN-α that can induce biological effects without side effects [18]. Below the dose of 18 × 106 IU/day, IFN-α hardly enters the systemic circulation through inhalation [19].