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Use of Critically Important Antimicrobials in Food Production
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Triazoles (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and propiconazole) are used for the control of fungal diseases on lawns (Fusarium patch, anthracnose, and dollar spot) and ornamental plants (mildew and rusts). Tebuconazole and propiconazole are used to prevent wood decay by some fungi (e.g. Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria spp.). They can be used in combination with copper carbonate and are the main components of copper organic wood preservatives used in industry to pressure-treat timbers, such as those used in fencing, cladding, plywood, roofing, and garden decking. Copper triazole combination preservatives are widely marketed in North America and across Europe. Wood preservatives containing propiconazole and tebuconazole are also available for domestic use. Propiconazole is registered for use in adhesives, paints, leather, paper, and textiles and is available in the UK as the active ingredient in an antifouling agent, biocidal paints and surface biocides (U.S. Forest Service, 2016; U.S. EPA, 2006; ECDC, 2013; Eurostat, 2001).
Non-Viral Delivery of Genome-Editing Nucleases for Gene Therapy
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Plasmid DNA vectors are widely chosen for delivery of genome-editing complexes. This vector offers flexibility in design, allowing easy incorporation of DNA into plasmid by simple molecular cloning techniques [2]. However, gene-editing efficiency is often limited by the efficiency of nuclear delivery and gene expression that is required to generate the final gene-editing protein complexes. Conjugation of plasmid –DNA with nanoparticles such as highly positive surface charge reduces the delivery of therapeutic genes, owing to after administration adsorption by the serum proteins, aggregates, and release premature cargos. It is necessity that after injection, DNA nanoparticles need to overcome the systemic barriers before delivering to the targeted tissue [14, 15] [Figure 12.2]. Using the polymeric material such as polyethylene glycol, which is also known as antifouling agent, to coat the surface of the nanoparticles reducing the immune stimulation and increase circulation time after delivering to the body. However, this approach is limited, as various clinical trials [Table 12.2] have proven that repeated administration of PEGylated nanoparticles accelerated the clearance of nanoparticles. Nano-particle size is another important feature because molecules smaller than 5.5 nm in diameter are subject to rapid clearance from the kidneys [16, 17]. The effective nanoparticle sizes fall between 100-250 nm, which limits the renal filtration of DNA. Other than this, DNA sequences [Figure 12.1] also carry a substantial risk of unintended genomic integration, which can induce insertional mutagenesis [Figure 12.1] due to incorporation of highly active promoter elements into chromosomal DNA or disruption of tumor-suppressor genes. Although the risk of insertional mutagenesis with non-viral delivery of plasmid DNA is generally much lower than with DNA viral vectors, this risk must be taken into account for translationally relevant therapies [3, 18]. However, plasmid DNA delivery is problematic to immune cells because T cells can recognize the intracellular presence of foreign nucleic acids, initiating the innate immune response [3, 17, 18]
Assessment of biogrowth assemblages with depth in a seawater intake system of a coastal power station
Published in Biofouling, 2021
T. Subba Rao, P. S. Murthy, P. Veeramani, D. S. Narayanan, R. Ramesh, B. N. Jyothi, D. Muthukumaran, M. Murugesan, A. Vadivelan, G. Dharani, J. Santhanakumar, G. A. Ramadass
Based on the geographical location the seawater intake can undergo significant biofouling due to marine biogrowth. In the present study, the seawater intake system provided a very good habitat for the fouling organisms. The biogrowth assessment made in 1987 and in 2019 showed that the biogrowth sustained its presence over the 35years of power plant operation. Studies should focus on modifications to be made by proper dosing of the antifouling agent so that the marine biota is kept in a sustained mode without significant impacts to the ecosystem. In the near future, seawater intake systems may be permitted to abstract water from deeper regions of the seacoast. In such a situation, there is a need to understand the kind of marine biogrowth assemblages that are observed in such a milieu. Open sea and deep-sea biofouling are an exciting topic of investigative research, and the present study is an opening of this enigmatic biological phenomenon.
Antimicrobial and antifouling polymeric coating mitigates persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Brenda G. Werner, Julia Y. Wu, Julie M. Goddard
The efficacy of the coated material in reducing biofilm initiation is due to the presence of surface cationic amine groups, which when protonated disrupt cell membranes on contact and reduce the total number of cells initially adhering. Disruption of cell membranes may have a lethal effect on cells or affect cell permeability, but may also negatively impact on proteins present on the cell surface which are involved in the initial adhesion, such as protein A or OmpA, or the process of cell signaling during later stages of biofilm development that is essential for EPS production (Roy et al. 2018). The efficacy of the coated material as an antifouling agent is due to cross-linkage of the biocidal components with styrene maleic anhydride that reduce the coating surface energy. Reduced surface area can not only reduce the number and strength of adhering cells, but is also thought to negatively impact on the morphogenesis and structure of the biofilm, reducing stiffness, roughness, and thickness (Yuan et al. 2017; Roy et al. 2018; Yan et al. 2019).
A method for screening antifouling paints using the CIELAB coordinates of Ectocarpus sp. under a flow-through condition
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Ryuji Kojima, Nobuyoshi Nanba, Glenn Satuito
The matrix polymer of the test coating was a self-polishing hydration type copolymer (polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl isobutyl ether, Chugoku Marine Paints, Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan). Cu2O was the only antifouling agent used in the test paints, because this enabled easier analysis and assessment of the leaching biocide, and also eliminated the synergy effect with combination of other co-biocides, in accordance with previous papers (Kojima et al. 2016, 2019). Five antifouling paints containing 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 wt% of Cu2O were prepared for the bioassay. Compositions of the test paints are shown in Table 1.