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Non-Respiratory Tuberculosis
Published in Peter D O Davies, Stephen B Gordon, Geraint Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2014
Genitourinary tuberculosis is one of the more common sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in white patients in the United Kingdom. In 1993, it accounted for 17% of cases in the white ethnic group compared with less than 4% in the south Asian ethnic group [4]. An earlier detailed analysis of sites of disease showed rates of genitourinary tuberculosis of 0.4 per 100,000 and 4 per 100,000, respectively, in the white and south Asian ethnic groups [37]. At a ratio of 10:1 south Asian:white, this was the lowest ratio for all extrapulmonary sites. This, together with the numerical preponderance of white cases, raised questions as to why genitourinary tuberculosis was under-represented in south Asian patients [108]. The explanation may be that this is an age-related phenomenon in developed countries because the median age of the white cases is more than 50 years while the median age of south Asian cases was 29 years. This would fit in with the natural history of renal tuberculosis (see following). The same survey also showed that renal tract lesions predominated in white patients, but female genital disease predominated in the south Asian ethnic group [37]. There are less data from resource poor countries, but a recent West African study showed 9% of pulmonary cases had renal involvement on urine Z–N positivity, and 14% if sterile pyuria and renal histology were added [109].
Recurrent implantation failure – an overview of current research
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Veronika Günther, Sören v. Otte, Damaris Freytag, Nicolai Maass, Ibrahim Alkatout
Endometriosis is considered the second most common benign female genital disease after uterine myoma. Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the internal epithelial lining of the cavum uteri [11]. The prevalence of endometriosis in the general population remains unclear because the symptoms are diverse and vary in terms of severity. The percentage of women treated for infertility with confirmed endometriosis is 9–50% [11]. Patients with endometriosis have a reduced quality and quantity of oocytes and embryos, decreased implantation and pregnancy rates, and increased rates of spontaneous abortion [12].